100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139 Countries of the World

Abstract

We develop energy roadmaps to significantly slow global warming and nearly eliminate air-pollution mortality in 139 countries. These plans call for electrifying all energy sectors (transportation, heating/cooling, industry, agriculture/forestry/ fishing) and providing the electricity with 100% wind, water, and solar (WWS) power. Fully implementing the roadmaps by 2050 avoids 1.5 C global warming and millions of deaths from air pollution annually; creates 24.3 million net new long-term, full-time jobs; reduces energy costs to society; reduces power requirements 42.5%; reduces power disruption; and increases worldwide access to energy.

A Review of Projected Power-to-Gas Deployment Scenarios

“…However, the review presented in this and subsequent sections is synthesized in Section 5 in terms of PtG deployment scale, geographical location, PtG products, power and CO 2 sources, PtG products and sub-processes, energy/material integration, economics and modeling/optimization methodologies. Barton and Gammon (2010) [43] UK; 2050; RE N/R Solar PV, solar thermal, tidal energy, wave energy, on/off-shore wind, biomass, waste, hydroelectricity H 2 for mobility, industry, power, gas grid injection and conversion to other fuels Process N/R; Capacities of 61.4 GW and 107.1 GW for "high renewable share" and "high nuclear share" scenarios, respectively N/A Jacobson et al (2011,(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)) [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] California, New York, and Washington states, USA; All USA; World; 2050; 100% RE On/off-shore wind, hydropower, CSP, geothermal, solar PV, tidal, wave H 2 for ground, sea and air transportation; industrial and building heat generation Process and capacity N/R; 70% efficiency N/A Gutiérrez-Martín and Guerrero-Hernández (2012) [52] Spain; 2011-2020; 42% RE Wind, solar thermal, solar PV, hydroelectricity, nuclear H 2 for mobility or power (peak shaving) 53 nos. 50 [58] Spain; Timeline N/R; 31% RE Wind, solar thermal, solar PV, hydroelectricity, nuclear H 2 potentially for heating, power, synthetic fuel production or gas grid injection 300 nos 50 MW AEL (efficiency calculated) N/A Clegg and Mancarella (2015) [59] UK; 2030; 48% RE Wind H 2 and SNG for gas grid injection Process and capacity N/R; 73% efficiency Process N/R; 73% power-to-H 2 and 64% power-to-SNG efficiencies; CO 2 source N/R Qadrdan et al (2015) [60] UK; 2020; RE N/R Wind H 2 for gas grid injection Process N/R;~5-12 GW capacity; 70% efficiency N/A Ahern et al (2015) [61] Republic of Ireland; 2030; RE N/R Wind SNG for transport Process and capacity N/R; 75% efficiency Biological; 80% efficiency; 60% power-to-SNG efficiency; Anaerobic digestion biogas-derived CO 2 Vandewalle et al (2015) [62] Belgium; Timeline N/R; 69-76% RE (wo/w PtG)…”

“…Jacobson et al [50] envisage that 80% and 100% of the current global energy sector would require to be converted to a zero-emission one by 2030 and 2050, respectively, to avoid both air pollution mortality/morbidity and 1.5 • C global temperature rise.…”

“…Jacobson and co-workers applied their WWW methodology, summarized earlier in Section 3.1.15 for U.S. states, at global scale in [44,45,50,51]. As previously noted, the conversion of power to hydrogen and heat were not referred to as PtG/PtH, and were a sub-set of energy conversion and storage technologies (including underground rock/water heat storage, ice/water cold storage, batteries).…”

“…As previously noted, the conversion of power to hydrogen and heat were not referred to as PtG/PtH, and were a sub-set of energy conversion and storage technologies (including underground rock/water heat storage, ice/water cold storage, batteries). Tidal and wave electricity generations were assumed to be deployed only in a few regions [50].…”

“…In addition to using liquefied hydrogen combustion [44,45], aircrafts were assumed to be either fully electrified or hybridized (i.e., fuel cell-electric) [50]. Jacobson et al [51] complemented [50] with an analysis of demand-supply matching for three WWW 2050 scenarios placing different level of emphasis on each storage technology.…”