100 Years of Vitamin E: From Discovery to Commercialization

Abstract

Figure 1. Overview on different members of the vitamin family.

Over 100 years of vitamin E: An overview from synthesis and formulation to application in animal nutrition

“…isophytol gained industrial relevance (Müller et al, 2022). Also, synthetic routes that target the synthesis of naturally occurring (RRR)-α-tocopherol were reported.…”

“…Among various options, acetone, acetylene, isobutene and formaldehyde are the most frequently used starting material. More recently, the synthesis of β‐farnesene via fermentation followed by chemical conversion to isophytol gained industrial relevance (Müller et al, 2022). Also, synthetic routes that target the synthesis of naturally occurring ( RRR )‐α‐tocopherol were reported.…”

“…The term ‘Tocopherol’ originates from the Greek words ‘phero’ (to bring) and ‘tocos’ (childbirth), highlighting its significance in fertility (Evans et al, 1936). As outlined in our recent review covering the chemical synthesis of vitamin E (Müller et al, 2022), the term E refers to a family of compounds collectively possessing a chromane unit, with either a saturated or an unsaturated side‐chain (tocopherols and trienols). Tocopherols exhibit a saturated C16‐isoprenic side chain and an absolute (2R,4′R,8′R) configuration, whereas tocotrienols possess a triply unsaturated C16‐side chain with an absolute (2R,3′E,7′E) configuration (Figure 1).…”

75 Years of Vitamin A Production: A Historical and Scientific Overview of the Development of New Methodologies in Chemistry, Formulation, and Biotechnology

“…Besides emulsification techniques, there is a bouquet of alternative techniques available to encapsulate vitamin A, such as spray-drying, spray-cooling, coacervation (phase separation), powder catch (beadlet) technology, liposomes, cochleates, solid lipid nano particles, and inclusion complexation. These techniques are discussed by others in depth. − Figure illustrates some industrially relevant vitamin A product forms, which were produced by initial o/w encapsulation and a subsequent drying step.…”

The Production of Isophorone

“…For example, ketoisophorone (P2) can be synthesized directly from IP but is often synthesized through the intermediate β-IP (P1) via oxidation [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Ketoisophorone (P2) is used to synthesize carotenoids [33,35], vitamin E [42,43], and flavoring agents [44][45][46] and is used as a fragrance additive [47]. Another product made from isophorone is 3,5-xylenol (P3), produced via catalytic isomerization [5,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54].…”