11.2 A 10.8ps-time-resolution 256&amp;#x00D7;512 image sensor with 2-Tap true-CDS lock-in pixels for fluorescence lifetime imaging

Seo, Min-Woong; Kagawa, Keiichiro; Yasutomi, Keita; Takasawa, Taishi; Kawata, Yoshimasa; Teranishi, Nobukazu; Li, Zhuo; Halin, Izhal Abdul; Kawahito, Shoji

doi:10.1109/isscc.2015.7062994

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example, they are used in Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) sensors where a light pulse is modulated with the capture window that is shifted in picosecond-order delay steps for a total range of tens of picoseconds [2]. Furthermore, high-resolution DLLs are used in the compensation for PVT variations and any delay mismatch that may be caused to signals during the operation of many high-frequency VLSI circuits [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Sub-Picosecond Jitter with Adjustable-Range CMOS Delay-Locked Loop for High-Speed and Low-Power Applications

Abdulrazzaq

Ibrahim

Kawahito

et al. 2016

Sensors

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A Delay-Locked Loop (DLL) with a modified charge pump circuit is proposed for generating high-resolution linear delay steps with sub-picosecond jitter performance and adjustable delay range. The small-signal model of the modified charge pump circuit is analyzed to bring forth the relationship between the DLL’s internal control voltage and output time delay. Circuit post-layout simulation shows that a 0.97 ps delay step within a 69 ps delay range with 0.26 ps Root-Mean Square (RMS) jitter performance is achievable using a standard 0.13 µm Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process. The post-layout simulation results show that the power consumption of the proposed DLL architecture’s circuit is 0.1 mW when the DLL is operated at 2 GHz.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Sub-Picosecond Jitter with Adjustable-Range CMOS Delay-Locked Loop for High-Speed and Low-Power Applications

Abdulrazzaq

Ibrahim

Kawahito

et al. 2016

Sensors

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“…FluoCam’s signal processing capabilities, as well as its IRF and precise gating control, which are at a comparable level with other existing time-gated solid state FLIM sensors [ 45 – 47 ], did eventually enable true in vivo discrimination of the subtle lifetime differences between bound and unbound ICG-modified fluorophores (10% level in our case).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In parallel we will be working on improving its performance, towards our goal of designing a next-generation real-time SPAD-based instrument to study how the lifetime information could improve fluorescence-guided surgical procedures in the operating theatre. This activity focuses on the one hand on the improvement of the fill-factor at the pixel level - to bring it on par with other existing solid-state FLIM sensors [ 45 – 47 ] - and on the photon detection probability increase in the near infrared [ 48 ], on the other hand on the implementation of more photon-efficient architectures such as TCSPC [ 49 ]. We believe that these results are within reach, in particular by migrating to more advanced CMOS technology nodes and/or 3D stacking approaches, thus paving the way to the clinical use of fluorescence lifetime data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact solid-state CMOS single-photon detector array for in vivo NIR fluorescence lifetime oncology measurements

Homulle¹,

Powolny²,

Stegehuis³

et al. 2016

Biomed. Opt. Express

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In near infrared fluorescence-guided surgical oncology, it is challenging to distinguish healthy from cancerous tissue. One promising research avenue consists in the analysis of the exogenous fluorophores’ lifetime, which are however in the (sub-)nanosecond range. We have integrated a single-photon pixel array, based on standard CMOS SPADs (single-photon avalanche diodes), in a compact, time-gated measurement system, named FluoCam. In vivo measurements were carried out with indocyanine green (ICG)-modified derivatives targeting the αvβ3 integrin, initially on a genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma injected with ICG conjugated with tetrameric cyclic pentapeptide (ICG−E[c(RGD f K)4]), then on mice carrying tumour xenografts of U87-MG (a human primary glioblastoma cell line) injected with monomeric ICG−c(RGD f K). Measurements on tumor, muscle and tail locations allowed us to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo lifetime measurements with the FluoCam, to determine the characteristic lifetimes (around 500 ps) and subtle lifetime differences between bound and unbound ICG-modified fluorophores (10% level), as well as to estimate the available photon fluxes under realistic conditions.

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“…The modulation gates (G 1 through G 8 ) are implemented using a lateral electric field charge modulation (LEFM) [19]. The modulated charge at each tap is stored in a storage diode (SD) [20,21]. The SD basically has a structure of a pinned diode, and while having a sufficient amount of full-well capacitance (FWC) and helping the charge transfer from the SD to the floating diffusion (FD), a charge-transfer assisting (CA) gate is used for each tap [17].…”

Section: Distance Calculation Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

An 8-Tap CMOS Lock-In Pixel Image Sensor for Short-Pulse Time-of-Flight Measurements

Shirakawa

Yasutomi

Kagawa

et al. 2020

Sensors

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An 8-tap CMOS lock-in pixel image sensor that has seven carrier-capturing and a draining time window was developed for short-pulse time-of-flight (TOF) measurements. The proposed pixel for the short-pulse TOF measurements has seven consecutive time-gating windows, each of which has the width of 6 ns, which is advantageous for high-resolution range imaging, particularly for relatively longer distances (>5 m) and under high ambient light operations. In order to enhance the depth resolution, a technique for the depth-adaptive time-gating-number assignment (DATA) for the short-pulse TOF measurement is proposed. A prototype of the 8-tap CMOS lock-in pixel image sensor is implemented with a 1POLY 4METAL 0.11-μm CIS process. The maximum non-linearity error of 1.56%FS for the range of 1–6.4 m and the depth resolution of 6.4 mm was obtained at 6.2 m using the DATA technique.

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11.2 A 10.8ps-time-resolution 256×512 image sensor with 2-Tap true-CDS lock-in pixels for fluorescence lifetime imaging

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Design of a Sub-Picosecond Jitter with Adjustable-Range CMOS Delay-Locked Loop for High-Speed and Low-Power Applications

Design of a Sub-Picosecond Jitter with Adjustable-Range CMOS Delay-Locked Loop for High-Speed and Low-Power Applications

Compact solid-state CMOS single-photon detector array for in vivo NIR fluorescence lifetime oncology measurements

An 8-Tap CMOS Lock-In Pixel Image Sensor for Short-Pulse Time-of-Flight Measurements

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