11-Nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (THC-COOEt): Unsuccessful search for a marker of combined cannabis and alcohol consumption

Nadulski, Thomas; Bleeck, Simona; Schräder, Johannes; Bork, Wolf-Rainer; Pragst, F.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.026

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A previously recommended method for detecting new cannabis use with creatinine-normalized 11-nor-9-carboxy-DELTA 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) urine concentrations in periodically collected specimens for treatment and workplace and judicial drug testing applications has been refined by considering the time interval between urine collections . 11-Nor-DELTA 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid Et ester (THC-COOEt) was detected in plasma and hair using GC/MS after silylation with N -methyl- N - tert -butyldimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide and GC/NCI/MS as well as GC/NCI/MS/MS after derivatization with pentafluoropropionyl anhydride . It has been shown that tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA A) is detectable not only in blood and urine of cannabis consumers but also in THC-positive hair samples …”

Section: Drugs and Poisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic Science

2011

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Analytical ChemistryREVIEW worth noting that conference proceedings are available online for important meetings in this field including the International Symposium on Human Identification (aka the "Promega meeting") (http://www.promega.com/geneticidproc/) and the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) (http://www. isfg.org) meetings. Volume 13 of Progress in Forensic Genetics, which contains the proceedings of the ISFG meeting held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in September 2009, includes 250 brief articles covering current research on all aspects of forensic DNA typing. 2 Short tandem repeat (STR) typing of autosomal markers with fluorescence-based detection is now almost universally used in forensic DNA laboratories worldwide. 3 Reduced-size STR, or miniSTR, assays are being developed for improved recovery of information from badly damaged DNA templates. Low level DNA and samples containing mixtures continue to present challenges for forensic analysts. A large portion of the literature involves reporting STR allele frequencies from various populations. However, limited space in this review prevents a summary or description of the many population studies performed in 2009 and 2010.Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) continue to be explored as potential supplements to STR markers already in use but will probably not replace STRs in the near future. Information on uniparental lineage markers from the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA continues to accumulate in the literature. These lineage markers are also widely used for human evolutionary studies and genetic genealogy. The availability of commercial kits for Y-STR amplification has enabled more widespread usage of these important male-specific markers in forensic DNA laboratories. A number of X-chromosome STRs are also being investigated. Nonhuman DNA plays a useful role in many forensic investigations. Tests have been developed for plant and animal DNA testing to associate victims or suspects to crime scenes.National DNA databases collectively house millions of STR profiles around the world. With the demonstrated success of linking previous offenders to unsolved crimes they have committed, new legislation is expanding the number of samples that will be going into DNA databases of the future. In December 2010, the United States exceeded 9.5 million DNA profiles in the National DNA Index System of the FBI Laboratory's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). The United Kingdom has over four million STR profiles in their national DNA database, which represents a significant portion of their active criminal population.Automation of laboratory techniques and data interpretation with expert systems has become increasingly important with the large numbers of DNA samples that need to be examined. Forensic DNA testing also aids missing persons investigations and identification of mass disaster victims albeit with some extra issues unique to kinship and parentage analysis. At the end of the forensic DNA analysis section, we also list relevant papers on interpretat...

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Section: Drugs and Poisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic Science

2011

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“…The most commonly used substance was cannabis (129–190 million people), followed by amphetamine type stimulants, opioids, and cocaine [1]. Cannabis and cocaine analyses by GC-MS are two of the most frequently used drug assays [3, 4]. Research in analytical sciences has shown a sustained effort to develop methods with improved sensitivity and to facilitate fast, reliable, and cost-effective methods to identify users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drug analysis in hair has become a very common part of forensic and clinical toxicology (doping, work-place drug testing, rehabilitation programs, and treatment centres) [3, 13, 14]. Hair testing for drugs of abuse is a developing technique that offers the possibility of a longer detection window than is commonly obtained from urine or blood analysis [15, 16] and thus distinguishes between long-term use and short-term single exposure [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymatic Digestion and Selective Quantification of Underivatised Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cocaine in Human Hair Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Breidi

Barker

Petróczi

et al. 2012

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) methods for drug analysis routinely employ derivatising reagents. The aim of this paper was to develop a method for the analysis of two recreational drugs, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cocaine in hair samples using GC-MS, without prior derivatisation, thus allowing the sample to be reanalysed in its original form. An enzymatic digestion technique was also developed. Ten hair samples, that were known positive for either Δ9-THC and/or cocaine, were enzymatically digested, extracted, and then analysed by GC-MS. All samples measured contained Δ9-THC and one sample contained cocaine. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.02 ng/mg and 0.05 ng/mg, respectively, for cocaine and 0.015 ng/mg and 0.02 ng/mg, respectively, for Δ9-THC. The wide detection window, ease of direct analysis by GC-MS, lower detection limits of underivatised samples, and the stability of drugs using this technique may offer an improved method of analysis.

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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis

2010

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Analytical procedures for determination of cocaine and its metabolites in biological samplesThe deleterious effects and growth in usage of illicit drugs have stimulated the development of many analytical techniques. This review of analytical methods for the determination of cocaine (COC) and its metabolites is based upon the literature from the past two decades. The primary objective is to compare the capabilities of the different analytical protocols. The diversity of matrices from which COC is analyzed (e.g., blood, hair, saliva, plasma, urine, inner organs and meconium) has resulted in differences in sample preparation. To adequately investigate drug exposure, it is necessary to select the appropriate sample type and the analytical technique. Relevant sampling, extraction and purification techniques are discussed Madej KA// Jagiellonian Univ, Fac Chem, Ingardena 3 Str, PL-30060 Krakow, Poland Trends Anal Chem 2010 29 (3) 246 Analysis of meconium, nails and tears for determination of medicines and drugs of abuse This review describes techniques for the analysis of medicines and drugs of abuse in three biological specimens -meconium, nails and tears -based upon the literature published since 1998. It commences with general descriptions of specimens, sample-collection methods and sample-preparation protocols. Crucial issues discussed relate to drug determination in meconium, nails and tears Sports Doping -GeneralA unification of doping-control screening procedures of prohibited small molecule substances (including stimulants, narcotics, steroids, β2-agonists and diuretics) is crucial in order to release resources for new classes such as banned proteins. Notionally, this might be accomplished by the use of a combination of one gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method and one liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. A quantitative screening technique using high-resolution liquid chromatography in combination with accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for the determination of glucocorticosteroids, β2-agonists, thiazide diuretics, and narcotics and stimulants in urine. To facilitate the simultaneous isolation of all compounds of interest and the required purification of the resulting extracts, a generic extraction and hydrolysis procedure was combined with a solid-phase extraction modified for these groups of compounds. Most compounds were determined using positive electrospray ionisation. However, for thiazide diuretics, the best sensitivity was obtained by employing negative electrospray ionisation. Data illustrate that with the exception of clenhexyl, procaterol, and reproterol, all compounds can be detected below the respective minimum required performance level. In addition, linearity, repeatability, within-lab reproducibility, and accuracy show that the method may be employed for quantitative screening. Should qualitative screening be sufficient, instrumental analysis may be limited to positive ionisation because all analytes (inc...

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11-Nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (THC-COOEt): Unsuccessful search for a marker of combined cannabis and alcohol consumption

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Forensic Science

Forensic Science

Enzymatic Digestion and Selective Quantification of Underivatised Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cocaine in Human Hair Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis

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