137Cs, 40K, and K in raw and stir-fried mushrooms from the Boletaceae family from the Midu region in Yunnan, Southwest China

Abstract

The parallel batches of the same species and geographical origin mushrooms both raw and stir-fried were investigated to get an insight into the content and intake of 137Cs, 40K, and K from mushroom meals. The Boletaceae family species (Baorangia bicolor, Boletus bainiugan, Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Retiboletus griseus, Rugiboletus extremiorientalis, and Sutorius magnificus) were collected from the Midu County (Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture) in 2018. The activity concentrations of 137Cs in the caps of dried raw mushrooms were in the range 14 ± 1 Bq kg−1 dry biomass (db) (R. griseus) to 34 ± 2 Bq kg−1 db (R. extremiorientalis), and in stems from 16 ± 1 Bq kg−1 db (B. bicolor and B. bainiugan) to 23 ± 1 Bq kg-1 db (R. extremiorientalis). The mean activity concentration in the whole fruiting bodies in all six species was 18 ± 4 Bq kg-1 db. The activity concentrations of 137Cs were roughly the same in both dehydrated materials, stir-fried, and raw mushrooms, while the contents of 40K and stable K were around 2- to 3-fold smaller in stir-fried than raw product. The raw and stir-fried mushrooms on a whole (wet) weight basis showed activity concentrations of 137Cs in the range from 1.2 to 3.2 Bq kg−1 ww (mean 1.9 ± 0.6 Bq kg−1 ww) and 6.0 to 9.4 Bq kg−1 ww (mean 7.0 ± 1.2 Bq kg−1 ww), respectively. Evidently, when expressed on a whole (wet) weight basis, the cooked mushrooms showed on average around 3.5-fold greater activity concentration of 137Cs when compared with raw mushrooms. The 137Cs, 40K, and total K enrichment in stir-frying (in a whole (wet) weight basis for the meal), confronted with the results for dehydrated raw and fried mushrooms, show the direct correlation with loss of mass (largely moisture) during the cooking procedure but not much of 137Cs and 40K. Edible wild mushrooms from Yunnan were little contaminated with radiocaesium. As assessed, the mean radioactivity dose from natural 40K in around 9.3-fold exceeded the dose obtained for artificial 137Cs from stir-fried mushroom meals, which both were very low doses.

Rare Earth Elements in Boletus edulis (King Bolete) Mushrooms from Lowland and Montane Areas in Poland

“…Therefore, the health risk assessment of intake of the studied King Bolete shows that the mushroom presents no health risks from REEs, though it would be unusual to see an adult eat as much as a 300 g quantity, even during the peak of the mushroom picking season. Culinary processing of mushrooms (including blanching, boiling, blanching, and pickling) lowers the amount of the metallic elements in mushroom meals (wet weight basis) [ 56 , 57 , 58 ], while frying or braising to some degree prevents loss or slightly enhances their quantity on a wet (whole) weight basis, as has been observed in the case of Hg, 137 Cs, and 40 K [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Even after consumption, intestinal absorption of metallic elements from a mushroom (culinary processed or only dried) is generally considered to be below 50 % [ 58 ].…”

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and bioavailability of lithium from processed lithiated and nonlithiated white Agaricus bisporus mushrooms

“…monovalent potassium or radiocaesium) leach from the flesh in a prepared mushroom meal (on a wet weight basis). 23,24 Also, braising largely prevents the leaching of potassium but also radiocaesium, mercury and methylmercury from a mushroom (B. edulis) meal (on a wet weight basis). 25,26 Thus, frying or braising of fresh (or deep-frozen) fruiting bodies of some species of mushrooms could provide a better alternative to retain lithium in the flesh of the mushroom rather than macerating, blanching or blanching and pickling of the fresh or deep-frozen mushrooms.…”

“…Frying of mushrooms in a pan or wok reduces the extent to which metallic elements (e.g. monovalent potassium or radiocaesium) leach from the flesh in a prepared mushroom meal (on a wet weight basis) 23,24 . Also, braising largely prevents the leaching of potassium but also radiocaesium, mercury and methylmercury from a mushroom ( B. edulis ) meal (on a wet weight basis) 25,26 .…”

Radiocaesium Contamination of Mushrooms at High- and Low-Level Chernobyl Exposure Sites and Its Consequences for Public Health

“…The genetic constitution of mushrooms differs from green plants that absorb caesium less efficiently than its nutrient element, potassium. The socalled Cs/K discriminator factor (DF) at mushrooms indicates the transportation efficiency of these elements within the mushroom structure, e.g., from stipe to cap [16,17,[25][26][27][28][29][30].…”