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Wesonga, F. D.; Mukolwe, Stanley W.; Grootenhuis, J.G.

doi:10.1023/a:1010539705913

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…gemma is a principal vector of E. ruminantium in North Kenya. This is consistent with previous findings implicating Amblyomma species as major vectors of E. ruminantium (Wesonga et al, 2001;Kelly et al, 2011;Tomassone et al, 2012;Esemu et al, 2013;Getange et al, 2021;Younan et al, 2021). Furthermore, we found higher detection rates of E. ruminantium in the HL of Rh.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Tissue-specific localization of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from camels in Kenya: insights into vector competence

Khogali,

Bastos,

Bargul

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundTick-borne pathogen (TBP) surveillance studies often use whole-tick homogenates when inferring tick-pathogen associations. However, localized TBP infections within tick tissues (saliva, hemolymph, salivary glands, and midgut) can inform pathogen transmission mechanisms and are key to disentangling pathogen detection from vector competence.MethodsWe screened 278 camel blood samples and 504 tick tissue samples derived from 126 camel ticks sampled in two Kenyan counties (Laikipia and Marsabit) for Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, Rickettsia, Theileria, and Babesia by PCR-HRM analysis.ResultsCandidatus Anaplasma camelii infections were common in camels (91%), but absent in all samples from Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Amblyomma gemma, Hyalomma dromedarii, and Hyalomma rufipes ticks. We detected Ehrlichia ruminantium in all tissues of the four tick species, but Rickettsia aeschlimannii was only found in Hy. rufipes (all tissues). Rickettsia africae was highest in Am. gemma (62.5%), mainly in the hemolymph (45%) and less frequently in the midgut (27.5%) and lowest in Rh. pulchellus (29.4%), where midgut and hemolymph detection rates were 17.6% and 11.8%, respectively. Similarly, in Hy. dromedarii, R. africae was mainly detected in the midgut (41.7%) but was absent in the hemolymph. Rickettsia africae was not detected in Hy. rufipes. No Coxiella, Theileria, or Babesia spp. were detected in this study.ConclusionsThe tissue-specific localization of R. africae, found mainly in the hemolymph of Am. gemma, is congruent with the role of this tick species as its transmission vector. Thus, occurrence of TBPs in the hemolymph could serve as a predictor of vector competence of TBP transmission, especially in comparison to detection rates in the midgut, from which they must cross tissue barriers to effectively replicate and disseminate across tick tissues. Further studies should focus on exploring the distribution of TBPs within tick tissues to enhance knowledge of TBP epidemiology and to distinguish competent vectors from dead-end hosts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Tissue-specific localization of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from camels in Kenya: insights into vector competence

Khogali,

Bastos,

Bargul

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…No disease was detected in blesbok, wildebeest, buffalo, eland, zebra, bushbuck, kudu, nyala and roan. These results are in correlation with the previous studies ( Neitz, 1935 ; Oberem and Bezuidenhout, 1987 ; Andrew and Norval, 1989 ; Peter et al, 1998 ; Wesonga et al, 2001 ; Mapham and Vorster, 2017 ) in South Africa which reported similar wild ruminants as asymptomatic careers and important sources for the spread of heartwater. Sheep and goats are more susceptible to heartwater than cattle depending on the variation in breed ( Bath et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Retrospective analysis of laboratory diagnostic data to assess the prevalence and seasonal variation of Ehrlichia ruminantium in commercial farms of Lephalale Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa

Seakamela,

Matle,

Ndudane

et al. 2024

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…Laboratory studies have also shown that Am. gemma can transmit E. ruminantium from infected African buffalo to sheep (67). In this study, we detected E. ruminantium in 58.97 and 35.29% of Am.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogen Diversities in Ticks from Livestock and Reptiles along the Shores and Adjacent Islands of Lake Victoria and Lake Baringo, Kenya

et al. 2017

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Although diverse tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are endemic to East Africa, with recognized impact on human and livestock health, their diversity and specific interactions with tick and vertebrate host species remain poorly understood in the region. In particular, the role of reptiles in TBP epidemiology remains unknown, despite having been implicated with TBPs of livestock among exported tortoises and lizards. Understanding TBP ecologies, and the potential role of common reptiles, is critical for the development of targeted transmission control strategies for these neglected tropical disease agents. During the wet months (April–May; October–December) of 2012–2013, we surveyed TBP diversity among 4,126 ticks parasitizing livestock and reptiles at homesteads along the shores and islands of Lake Baringo and Lake Victoria in Kenya, regions endemic to diverse neglected tick-borne diseases. After morphological identification of 13 distinct Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Hyalomma tick species, ticks were pooled (≤8 individuals) by species, host, sampling site, and collection date into 585 tick pools. By supplementing previously established molecular assays for TBP detection with high-resolution melting analysis of PCR products before sequencing, we identified high frequencies of potential disease agents of ehrlichiosis (12.48% Ehrlichia ruminantium, 9.06% Ehrlichia canis), anaplasmosis (6.32% Anaplasma ovis, 14.36% Anaplasma platys, and 3.08% Anaplasma bovis,), and rickettsiosis (6.15% Rickettsia africae, 2.22% Rickettsia aeschlimannii, 4.27% Rickettsia rhipicephali, and 4.95% Rickettsia spp.), as well as Paracoccus sp. and apicomplexan hemoparasites (0.51% Theileria sp., 2.56% Hepatozoon fitzsimonsi, and 1.37% Babesia caballi) among tick pools. Notably, we identified E. ruminantium in both Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus pools of ticks sampled from livestock in both study areas as well as in Amblyomma falsomarmoreum (66.7%) and Amblyomma nuttalli (100%) sampled from tortoises and Amblyomma sparsum (63.6%) sampled in both cattle and tortoises at Lake Baringo. Similarly, we identified E. canis in rhipicephaline ticks sampled from livestock and dogs in both regions and Amblyomma latum (75%) sampled from monitor lizards at Lake Victoria. These novel tick–host–pathogen interactions have implications on the risk of disease transmission to humans and domestic animals and highlight the complexity of TBP ecologies, which may include reptiles as reservoir species, in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Tissue-specific localization of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from camels in Kenya: insights into vector competence

Tissue-specific localization of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from camels in Kenya: insights into vector competence

Retrospective analysis of laboratory diagnostic data to assess the prevalence and seasonal variation of Ehrlichia ruminantium in commercial farms of Lephalale Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa

Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogen Diversities in Ticks from Livestock and Reptiles along the Shores and Adjacent Islands of Lake Victoria and Lake Baringo, Kenya

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