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Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

“…Crecraft [10] formulated the stress-induced velocity variations of both longitudinal and shear waves for steel, aluminum, and copper through experiments; the corresponding third-order elastic constants were also obtained. Makhort [11] described the theory of the propagation of longitudinal, shear, and surface Rayleigh waves in initially stressed members, and proposed the basic approaches and principles of the ultrasonic non-destructive technique for finding biaxial and triaxial stresses in solids. On this basis, an internal stress formula was derived, and the method was verified through a test on polymeric material.…”

Non-destructive monitoring of tensile of mild steel samples by magnetic Barkhausen and ultrasonic methods

“…When ultrasonic Rayleigh wave propagates in the same direction as the applied uniaxial stress, the dependence of the velocity on the tensile stress (  ) can be described in the form [26][27][28].…”

“…It uses the variation of ultrasonic wave velocity as a function of stress level on the base of the acoustic-elastic theory. Internal stress measurement can be classified into groups according to the different type ultrasonic waves (longitudinal, transverse, longitudinally refracted and surface waves) [3][4][5][26][27][28][29][30]. The choice of NDT information parameters is difficult because of complexity of many factors such as microstructure features and stresses.…”

On the determination of the third-order elastic constants of homogeneous isotropic materials utilising Rayleigh waves

“…TOECs play an important role in various engineering applications; for example, the evaluation of applied or residual stresses based on the acoustoelastic theory, which describes the propagation of small-amplitude waves in a material subjected to finite deformations [19,20]. Another important recent development exploits the much greater sensitivity of TOECs as compared with second-order elastic constants to dislocation driven damage (fatigue, creep, etc) [21][22][23].…”