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When Is Humiliation More Intense? The Role of Audience Laughter and Threats to the Self

“…In the present article, we follow Hartling and Luchetta's (1999, p. 264) definition of humiliation as “the deep dysphoric feeling associated with being, or perceiving oneself as being unjustly degraded, ridiculed, or put down—in particular, one's identity has been demeaned or devalued.” We further consider humiliation a unique mix of emotions as it has been associated with shame and avoidance tendencies, but also with anger and tendencies to attack and take revenge (e.g., Elison and Harter, 2007; Mann et al, 2016; Mann et al, manuscript in preparation).…”

“…Perhaps not surprisingly, humiliation—especially when experienced frequently—has been associated with a host of psychological, relational, and societal problems, as well as with clinical disorders such as low self-esteem, depression, general anxiety disorder, suicidal intentions, homicide and (domestic) violence (e.g., Klein, 1991; Gilbert, 1997; Hartling and Luchetta, 1999; Farmer and McGuffin, 2003; Kendler et al, 2003; Leary et al, 2003; Elison and Harter, 2007; Torres and Bergner, 2010; Walker and Knauer, 2011; Harter, 2012; Collazzoni et al, 2014, 2015). One often cited example of the destructive potential of humiliation is the phenomenon of school-shootings , the (attempted) mass killing and injuring of students and teachers at a school or university by one or more students of that institution.…”

“…Humiliation is often associated with shame (e.g., Lewis, 1971, 1992; Miller, 1993; Hartling and Luchetta, 1999; Lindner, 2009). Indeed, both emotions are negative and concern the self (Zavaleta Reyles, 2007) and both are the result of global attributions; i.e., a focus on the total or core self, rather than on specific aspects of the self, such as is the case with guilt (Lewis, 1995).…”

“…However, humiliation and shame differ in that shame entails a judgment or criticism on the self by the self , whereas humiliation entails a judgment or criticism on the self by another . This implies an appraisal of unfairness, which is a central aspect of humiliation (Klein, 1991; Hartling and Luchetta, 1999; Jackson, 2000; Elison and Harter, 2007; Combs et al, 2010; Torres and Bergner, 2010; Harter, 2012). …”

Relational-cultural therapy: Theory, research, and application to counseling competencies.

“…Last, Hartling and Luchetta (1999) developed the Humiliation Inventory (HI), which conceptualizes the consequence of humiliation as involving chronic and overwhelming disconnection leading to psychological and behavioral dysfunction.…”