16. An acid-catalysed chlorination by means of hypochlorous acid

Derbyshire, D. H.; Waters, William A.

doi:10.1039/jr9510000073

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The kinetics of iodination is actually somewhat more complex, because catalysis by the buffer salts is also observed, in addition to an uncatalyzed reaction. The total reaction for the iodination of aniline in a buffer can, for instance, be represented by [ArH] [Base] (22) This implies a reaction catalyzed by the buffer base, but in buffered reactions at constant pH it is often difficult to decide if catalysis is by the acid or the base component of the buffer. Hence the alternative reaction ( 23) is also possible.…”

Section: Chlorinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current state of positive halogenating agents

Berliner¹

1966

J. Chem. Educ.

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Section: Chlorinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current state of positive halogenating agents

Berliner¹

1966

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…In certain cases involving these media, the actual reagent may be the corresponding hypohalous acid. The reactions of hypohalous acids in aqueous media have been studied extensively by Soper and coworkers (119,140,156,188,202), by Derbyshire and Waters (51, 52, 53, 54, 55), and by Berliner (20, 21, 22). A full discussion of their work is outside the scope of this review.…”

Section: A Formation and Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Hypohalites.

Anbar¹,

Ginsburg²

1954

Chem. Rev.

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“…d [HOCl]/dt = k[HOCl] + k' [HOCI] [H+](9) acids was shown to be necessary(83,84), which is consistent with the formation of a reactive hypochlorous acidium ion (H20Cl+). These reactions were shown to be dependent on the substrate concentration for which the rate expression, Eq.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Environmental Health Sciences Center Task Force Review on Halogenated Organics in Drinking Water

Deinzer¹,

Schaumburg²,

Klein³

1978

Environmental Health Perspectives

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Brogan & Partners are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environmental Health Perspectives.The disinfection of drinking water by chlorination has in recent years come under closer scrutiny because of the potential hazards associated with the production of stable chlorinated organic chemicals. Organic chemical contaminants are common to all water supplies and it is now well-established that chlorinated by-products are obtained under conditions of disinfection, or during tertiary treatment of sewage whose products can ultimately find their way into drinking water supplies. Naturally occurring humic substances which are invariably present in drinking-waters are probably the source of chloroform and other halogenated methanes, and chloroform has shown up in every water supply investigated thus far.The Environmental Protection Agency is charged with the responsibility of assessing the public health effects resulting from the consumption of contaminated drinking water. It has specifically undertaken the task of determining whether organic contaminants or their chlorinated derivatives have a special impact, and if so, what alternatives there are to protect the consumer against bacterial and viral diseases that are transmitted through infected drinking waters. The impetus to look at these chemicals is not entirely without some prima face evidence of potential trouble. Epidemiological studies suggested a higher incidence of cancer along the lower Mississippi River where the contamination from organic chemicals is particularly high. The conclusions from these studies have, to be sure, not gone unchallenged.The task of assessing the effects of chemicals in the drinking water is a difficult one. It includes many variables, including differences in water supplies and the temporal relationship between contamination and consumption of the finished product. It must also take into account the relative importance of the effects from these chemicals in comparison to those from occupational exposure, ingestion of contaminated foods, inhalation of polluted air, and many others. The susceptibility of different age, genetic, and ethnic groups within the population must also be carefully considered. The present review discusses: the reasons for disinfection; the general occurrence of chlorinated organics in drinking water; the chemistry in the synthesis of chlorinated organics under aqueous conditions; and alternatives to chlorine for disinfection.

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16. An acid-catalysed chlorination by means of hypochlorous acid

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

The current state of positive halogenating agents

The current state of positive halogenating agents

Organic Hypohalites.

Environmental Health Sciences Center Task Force Review on Halogenated Organics in Drinking Water

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