16S rDNA Phylogeny and Ultrastructural Characterization ofWolbachiaIntracellular Bacteria of the Filarial NematodesBrugia malayi,B. pahangi, andWuchereria bancrofti

Taylor, Mark J.; Bilo, Katja; Cross, H. F.; Archer, John; Underwood, Anthony

doi:10.1006/expr.1998.4383

Cited by 105 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Consequently, it has been proposed that antibiotic eradication of Wolbachia from infected filarial worms would reduce microfilaremia. This has been demonstrated in an animal model with Litomosoides sigmodontis and recently confirmed in patients infected with O. volvulus (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). In experimental L. sigmodontis infection, after 41 days of therapy, microfilaremia in tetracycline-treated animals was one-tenth that in normally infected animals (5).…”

Section: Doxycycline and Eradication Of Microfilaremia In Patients Wimentioning

confidence: 55%

Doxycycline and Eradication of Microfilaremia in Patients with Loiasis

Brouqui¹,

Fournier²,

Raoult³

2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Doxycycline and Eradication Of Microfilaremia In Patients Wimentioning

confidence: 55%

Doxycycline and Eradication of Microfilaremia in Patients with Loiasis

Brouqui¹,

Fournier²,

Raoult³

2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The sequences of the following species were used in the construction of the tree (GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses): C. burnetii related and, in general, form a group separate from the Wolbachia spp. of arthropods (1,31). Analysis of the ftsZ gene has shown that the Wolbachia spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wolbachia pipientis Growth Kinetics and Susceptibilities to 13 Antibiotics Determined by Immunofluorescence Staining and Real-Time PCR

Fénollar

Maurin

Raoult

2003

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Wolbachia spp. are strict intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods and filarial nematodes. Filarial nematodes are important causes of human diseases. There is increasing evidence that Wolbachia spp. influence important functions in the biology of the hosts, specifically, infertility. Preliminary experiments with humans and animals have suggested that antibiotics with activity against Wolbachia may help to treat filariasis. In this study, we determined using a real-time quantitative PCR assay the growth kinetics of a strain of Wolbachia pipientis from a mosquito grown in Aa23 cells. The doubling time was estimated to be 14 h. We then determined the susceptibilities of this strain to 13 antibiotics by two methods: an immunofluorescent-antibody test and a real-time quantitative PCR assay. Both techniques gave similar results. Doxycycline and rifampin were the most effective compounds, with MICs of 0.125 and 0.06 to 0.125 g/ml, respectively. Fluoroquinolones were less effective, with MICs of 2 to 4 g/ml for ciprofloxacin, 2 g/ml for ofloxacin, and 1 g/ml for levofloxacin. ␤-Lactams (penicillin G, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone) were not effective at concentrations up to 128 g/ml. The MIC of erythromycin was >32 g/ml, whereas that of telithromycin was 8 g/ml. Other antibiotic compounds were bacteriostatic only at high concentrations, including gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and thiamphenicol. The real-time PCR assay was a convenient and reliable technique for determination of the antibiotic susceptibilities of Wolbachia. It may help in the future to simplify antibiotic susceptibility testing of strict intracellular pathogens.

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“…Wolbachia bacteria are in the family Rickettsiacea and are obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect a wide variety of invertebrates, in which they have an important role in sex determination and speciation (15). In filarial worms, Wolbachia bacteria are concentrated in intracytoplasmic vacuoles of hypodermal lateral cords and female reproductive organs and are also detectable in oocytes and microfilaria, reflecting matrilinear inheritance (16). Nematode reproduction, molting, and survival dependent on the endosymbiont as prolonged exposure to antibiotics targeting Wolbachia result in decreased fecundity, impaired molting, and even worm death in vitro as well as in animal and human infections (17)(18)(19)(20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immune Responses to Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in Brugia malayi and Onchocerca volvulus Are Dependent on TLR2, TLR6, MyD88, and Mal, but Not TLR4, TRIF, or TRAM

Hise

Daehnel

Gillette‐Ferguson

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

106

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The discovery that endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria play an important role in the pathophysiology of diseases caused by filarial nematodes, including lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis (river blindness) has transformed our approach to these disabling diseases. Because these parasites infect hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide, understanding host factors involved in the pathogenesis of filarial-induced diseases is paramount. However, the role of early innate responses to filarial and Wolbachia ligands in the development of filarial diseases has not been fully elucidated. To determine the role of TLRs, we used cell lines transfected with human TLRs and macrophages from TLR and adaptor molecule-deficient mice and evaluated macrophage recruitment in vivo. Extracts of Brugia malayi and Onchocerca volvulus, which contain Wolbachia, directly stimulated human embryonic kidney cells expressing TLR2, but not TLR3 or TLR4. Wolbachia containing filarial extracts stimulated cytokine production in macrophages from C57BL/6 and TLR4−/− mice, but not from TLR2−/− or TLR6−/− mice. Similarly, macrophages from mice deficient in adaptor molecules Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β-related adaptor molecule produced equivalent cytokines as wild-type cells, whereas responses were absent in macrophages from MyD88−/− and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP)/MyD88 adaptor-like (Mal) deficient mice. Isolated Wolbachia bacteria demonstrated similar TLR and adaptor molecule requirements. In vivo, macrophage migration to the cornea in response to filarial extracts containing Wolbachia was dependent on TLR2 but not TLR4. These results establish that the innate inflammatory pathways activated by endosymbiotic Wolbachia in B. malayi and O. volvulus filaria are dependent on TLR2-TLR6 interactions and are mediated by adaptor molecules MyD88 and TIRAP/Mal.

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16S rDNA Phylogeny and Ultrastructural Characterization ofWolbachiaIntracellular Bacteria of the Filarial NematodesBrugia malayi,B. pahangi, andWuchereria bancrofti

Cited by 105 publications

References 13 publications

Doxycycline and Eradication of Microfilaremia in Patients with Loiasis

Doxycycline and Eradication of Microfilaremia in Patients with Loiasis

Wolbachia pipientis Growth Kinetics and Susceptibilities to 13 Antibiotics Determined by Immunofluorescence Staining and Real-Time PCR

Innate Immune Responses to Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in Brugia malayi and Onchocerca volvulus Are Dependent on TLR2, TLR6, MyD88, and Mal, but Not TLR4, TRIF, or TRAM

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