The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the tumor uptake of 16a-18 F-fluoro-17b-estradiol ( 18 F-FES) and 18 F-FDG using PET and expressions of sex hormone receptors, such as estrogen receptor (ER), as well as glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) and Ki-67 analyzed by the immunohistochemistry method in mesenchymal uterine tumors. Methods: Forty-seven patients with mesenchymal uterine tumors were studied with 18 F-FES and 18 F-FDG PET. Postoperative pathologic diagnosis revealed 33 uterine leiomyomas and 14 uterine sarcomas. Tissue samples were assayed for expression of ERa, ERb, progesterone receptor (PR), PR-B, GLUT-1, and Ki-67 by an immunohistochemistry method. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) for 18 F-FES and 18 F-FDG were compared with the semiquantitative immunoreactive score (0-12) and quantitative labeling index (LI) for Ki-67 in immunohistochemistry. Results: 18 F-FES uptake was significantly lower (P , 0.001) and the 18 F-FDG uptake and SUV ratio of 18 F-FDG to 18 F-FES ( 18 F-FDG/ 18 F-FES ratio) (P , 0.005 and P , 0.001, respectively) were significantly higher in uterine sarcomas than in leiomyomas. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed significantly higher expressions of ERa, PR, and PR-B in uterine leiomyomas than in sarcomas. The Ki-67 LI was significantly greater in uterine sarcomas than in leiomyomas. Correlation analysis for all tumors showed positive correlations between 18 F-FES SUV and immunohistochemistry scores of ERa, PR (P , 0.001), and PR-B (P , 0.005) as well as between 18 F-FDG SUV and GLUT-1 and Ki-67 (P , 0.001). However, the 18 F-FDG/ 18 F-FES ratio showed significantly negative correlations with ERa, PR (P , 0.001), and PR-B (P , 0.005) and a positive correlation with Ki-67 LI (P , 0.001). In uterine sarcomas, ERa and 18 F-FES SUV showed a positive correlation (P , 0.001) in a low SUV range, and the 18 F-FDG/ 18 F-FES ratio showed positive correlations with ERb and GLUT-1 expression (P , 0.005). Conclusion: 18 F-FES and 18 F-FDG PET showed correlations between tracer uptake and expressions of sex hormone receptors, GLUT-1, and Ki-67 in mesenchymal uterine tumors. The 18 F-FDG/ 18 F-FES ratio was correlated with Ki-67, GLUT-1, and ERb in uterine sarcoma. Functional PET imaging and PET parameters would be useful noninvasive biomarkers for the assessment of tumor hormone receptor expression, glucose metabolism, and proliferation and for differential diagnosis of uterine leiomyoma and sarcoma.