18F-labeled 2-phenylbenzoheterocycles with chiral dihydroxyl side chains as β-amyloid imaging probes

Current status and future perspective of radiopharmaceuticals in China

“…In addition, some medical institutions use their own cyclotrons to prepare positron radiopharmaceuticals such as [ 18 Up to now, there are 2544 beds in total dedicated to radionuclide therapy in all the medical institutions that carry out radionuclide therapy across China. Nearly 530,000 treatments have been conducted annually, among which 131 I treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism accounts for 27.6%, and 90 Sr/ 90 Y applicator treatment for skin and eye diseases 25.5%, 99 Tc-methylene bisphosphonate treatment for rheumatoid arthritis 18.6%, 131 I treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer 15.9%, 32 P application treatment 6.6%, radioactive seed interstitial implantation treatment 2.4%, and 89 Sr for bone metastasis 2.0%. In recent years, some medical institutions have begun to use [ 223 Ra]RaCl 2 for the treatment Fig.…”

“…In 1958, the first heavy water reactor and the first accelerator were built and put into use in China at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The first batch of 33 radioisotopes including 24 Na, 32 P, 60 Co, and 131 I were successfully developed, thus initiating the undertakings of the production and application of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals in China. Since the late 1950s, 131 I has been widely used in the diagnosis of thyroid function and radionuclide therapy for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, and 32 P has been applied for the treatment of polycythemia vera and the control of cancerous pleural effusion and ascites, which pioneered the application of radioisotopes in clinical diagnosis and treatment in China.…”

“…Since the 1970s, China has committed to the development of the technologies on production of key medical radioisotopes such as 131 I, 125 I, 32 P, 99 Mo, and 99m Tc. For example, two types of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generators (fission and gel) were successively developed with stable manufacturing technique and established good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities to meet the domestic market demand to a certain extent [2,3].…”

“…For example, two types of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generators (fission and gel) were successively developed with stable manufacturing technique and established good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities to meet the domestic market demand to a certain extent [2,3]. Currently, there are five nuclear reactors in service in China for research purposes, and their associated facilities have been used for the production of medical radioisotopes such as 99 Mo, 125 I, 131 I, 32 P, 177 Lu, 89 Sr, and 153 Sm. Among above five reactors, two of them are located in Beijing, and the other three are located in the Southwest China.…”

“…The great progress on research and development of radiopharmaceuticals in China has been made during the course of more than half a century of growth [4]. Until now, over 40 radiopharmaceuticals involving 12 types of radionuclides including 99m Tc, 18 F, 131 I, 125 I, 153 Sm, and 32 P have been approved for commercial use by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). Out of the nearly 40 approved radiopharmaceuticals, 23 of them are 99m Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals and associated kits, 1 is 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([ 18 F]FDG), and 9 of them are therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals such as [ 131 I]NaI oral solution (and/or capsules), [ 89 Sr]SrCl 2 injection, and 125 I brachytherapy source which in contrast to other countries are regulatory categorized as radiopharmaceuticals in China.…”