19. Embryology

Kobayashi, Yoshiharu; Tanaka, M.; Ando, Hiroshi

doi:10.1515/9783110893724.495

Cited by 8 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Such a selection was not achievable with previously described methods designed to preferentially target the germline precursor cells in Drosophila, Bombyx, or the cricket (Beumer et al 2008;Takasu et al 2010;Watanabe et al 2012). Because early embryonic development is largely conserved in lepidopterans (Kobayashi et al 2003) and the micropyle is easy to locate, the application of our nuclease-mediated targeted mutagenesis approach should represent a practical technique by which the broad community working on a variety of moths and butterflies could develop reverse genetics in their species of choice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to Drosophila and Bombyx, the precise location of germline precursor cells within the developing monarch embryo is unknown. However, it is known in lepidopterans, as in many other insects, that sperm stored in the spermatheca of the female is transferred into the egg for fertilization at oviposition through a micropylar orifice present at the anterior pole of the egg (Kobayashi et al 2003). It has been reported that both the male and female pronucleus form in this region in lepidopterans, before slightly migrating toward the center of the egg, where they unite in the zygote nucleus and start mitotic divisions.…”

Section: High-efficiency Germline Targeting By Injections Into 'One Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These divisions give rise to numerous cleavage nuclei that migrate toward the egg periphery to form the syncytial blastoderm. At this stage, primordial germ cells form in the posterior region of the egg (Kobayashi et al 2003). We reasoned that injecting the ZFN mRNAs just after fertilization in the anterior region of the egg close to the micropyle would favor the production of indels in the genome that could be transmitted through the germline with high frequency, because the targeting would occur at a stage of development that contains a minimal number of nuclei.…”

Section: High-efficiency Germline Targeting By Injections Into 'One Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient targeted mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly using zinc-finger nucleases

et al. 2012

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The development of reverse-genetic tools in “nonmodel” insect species with distinct biology is critical to establish them as viable model systems. The eastern North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), whose genome is sequenced, has emerged as a model to study animal clocks, navigational mechanisms, and the genetic basis of long-distance migration. Here, we developed a highly efficient gene-targeting approach in the monarch using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), engineered nucleases that generate mutations at targeted genomic sequences. We focused our ZFN approach on targeting the type 2 vertebrate-like cryptochrome gene of the monarch (designated cry2), which encodes a putative transcriptional repressor of the monarch circadian clockwork. Co-injections of mRNAs encoding ZFNs targeting the second exon of monarch cry2 into “one nucleus” stage embryos led to high-frequency nonhomologous end-joining-mediated, mutagenic lesions in the germline (up to 50%). Heritable ZFN-induced lesions in two independent lines produced truncated, nonfunctional CRY2 proteins, resulting in the in vivo disruption of circadian behavior and the molecular clock mechanism. Our work genetically defines CRY2 as an essential transcriptional repressor of the monarch circadian clock and provides a proof of concept for the use of ZFNs for manipulating genes in the monarch butterfly genome. Importantly, this approach could be used in other lepidopterans and “nonmodel” insects, thus opening new avenues to decipher the molecular underpinnings of a variety of biological processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: High-efficiency Germline Targeting By Injections Into 'One Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: High-efficiency Germline Targeting By Injections Into 'One Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient targeted mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly using zinc-finger nucleases

et al. 2012

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“…Most products of embryonic metabolism are probably present in neonate larvae: late stage embryos ingest the remains of embryonic membranes and yolk (Kobayashi et al, 2003); during and after eclosion, the neonates eat part of the chorion. However, it is not clear why the content of nitrogen in excreta should be the lowest in eggs with direct development (diapause is certainly long lasting, but the metabolic activity is lower).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Within and between species scaling in the weight, water, carbon and nitrogen contents of eggs and neonate larvae of twelve satyrine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

García‐Barros¹

2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The fresh weight, dry weight, and C and N content of the eggs, egg shells and neonate larvae of several satyrines were measured. This was done in order to assess the specificity of the composition of the egg and larvae, the phylogenetic or ecological nature of the variation and the existence of structural constraints on the composition of the offspring. All the traits investigated were found to be highly species-specific. The nature of the variation was not primarily phylogenetic, suggesting that the composition of the offspring has an ecological meaning. However, only a slight association was detected between three life history traits or habitat features and the compositions of the eggs or larvae, namely: female egg dropping was associated with a high C content of the eggs, xerophily with a high C : N ratio, and a high content of N in the larvae with egg diapause. The evidence for intra-specific allometry between the traits investigated and egg weight varied among the species, suggesting that the slope of such relationship may be a specific feature. There was a close to isometric relationship between C and N contents in every species. Therefore simple C : N ratios are independent of egg size, hence they can be used directly in comparative studies. Across species analyses indicated that small offspring contained a proportionally low amount of carbon and had a high dry matter content, suggesting that selection for small eggs was accompanied by selection for an enhanced proportion of nitrogen per egg. Finally, the species with large adult females invested comparatively more nitrogen per egg, which indicates a potential, constraint-based advantage of large adult size.

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“…In addition, the tenth abdominal segment in Antheraea unites with the eleventh segment [18], while the abdominal was 11 segments in moth of Neomicropteryx nipponensis [19].…”

Section: Completion Of Dorsal Closure (Figure 3(c)) (116 -120 H Po)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Embryonic Changes in Middle and Late Stages of the Greater Wax Moth, <i>Galleria mellonella</i> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abidalla¹,

Battaglia²

2018

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The embryogenesis of lepidopteran insects has morphogenetic events accompanying the blastokinesis movements (anatrepsis and katatrepsis) in early and late stages, respectively. Katatrepsis is related to embryonic movement with yolk mass and regression of amnioserosa folds in the second half of the development cycle. The whole mount method and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) were used for analysing the embryonic developmental changes. Those changes in the middle and late embryonic periods were described and divided into eight stages: 1) Completion of segmentation and differentiation of cephalic and thoracic appendages (32 -40 hours post-oviposition h. PO); 2) Expanded growth of cephalo-gnathal and abdominal parts (41 -60 h. PO); 3) Completion of thoracic appendages and appearance of pleuropodia, katatrepsis (60 -70 h. PO); 4) Pre-revolution morphogenetic movement of the cephalo-gnathal region (71 -80 h. PO); 5) revolution of the embryo (81 -100 h. PO); 6) Beginning of dorsal closure (101 -115 h. PO); 7) completion of dorsal closure (116 -120 h. PO); and 8) full-grown embryo just before hatching (121 -144 h. PO).

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19. Embryology

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Efficient targeted mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly using zinc-finger nucleases

Efficient targeted mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly using zinc-finger nucleases

Within and between species scaling in the weight, water, carbon and nitrogen contents of eggs and neonate larvae of twelve satyrine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Observations of Embryonic Changes in Middle and Late Stages of the Greater Wax Moth, <i>Galleria mellonella</i> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

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19. Embryology

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Efficient targeted mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly using zinc-finger nucleases

Efficient targeted mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly using zinc-finger nucleases

Within and between species scaling in the weight, water, carbon and nitrogen contents of eggs and neonate larvae of twelve satyrine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Observations of Embryonic Changes in Middle and Late Stages of the Greater Wax Moth, &lt;i&gt;Galleria mellonella&lt;/i&gt; (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

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Observations of Embryonic Changes in Middle and Late Stages of the Greater Wax Moth, <i>Galleria mellonella</i> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)