1H-NMR Monitoring of the transesterification process of Jatropha oil

Towards a sustainable approach for development of biodiesel from plant and microalgae

“…The biodiesel should meet the international specifications [145]. Nuclear magnetic resonance has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in biodiesel [146]. Various researchers have utilized NMR as a fast and accurate tool to determine the extent of conversion of triglycerides to FAME.…”

Rapid Jatropha-biodiesel production assisted by a microwave system and a sodium amide catalyst

“…Although the results of using CHS were not considerably dissimilar to those produced by using MW, using MW can reduce reaction time substantially from 90 to 7 min. Through a proper research focus and development, Jatropha oil can become the next ideal feedstock for biodiesel [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…The oil content in the kernel of Jatropha seeds is 25-40 wt.% and 45-60 wt.% [11]. Jatropha trees are cultivated in China and India, and Jatropha oil can become the next ideal feedstock for biodiesel [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Virtual Sensors for Biodiesel Production in a Batch Reactor

“…The measurements provide valuable information about the operating conditions and simultaneously give an estimate for critical variables by monitoring the state of a process and verifying that performance is optimal. There are methods to monitor the progress of the reaction, such as gas and liquid chromatography [9][10][11][12], Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods [10,[12][13][14][15][16][17], measurement of refractive index [18], and viscosity [19]. Most of these methods require samples to be taken and offline analyses to be performed which include a pre-treatment of the sample.…”