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AcknowledgementsThe International Prevention Research Institute was awarded an unrestricted research grant from Johnson & Johnson, who make one type of mouthwash, to study the effects of mouthwash in general on several aspects of dental health including plaque, gingivitis and tooth decay. Two Synthesis Meetings were held and information presented on a wide range of issues surrounding use of mouthwash. The funders had no role in formulating the study design, methodology or hypotheses investigated, nor in the interpretation of the results or conclusions. The participants gave a raft of important insights. The authors of the work are themselves alone in bearing responsibility for the integrity of the work and not all participants may agree with all statements made in the Report. Confl icts of interestNo author received any honorarium in connection with this project. Causes and prevention of periodontal disease 1.5 List of Participants in Synthesis MeetingsToothbrushing and fl ossing: frontline against dental plaque 1.6 Mouthwash Chapter 2 A systematic review with meta-analysis of mouthwash use for the prevention of supra-gingival plaques and gingivitis: Objective, methods, data retrieval and trial characteristics Chapter 3A systematic review with meta-analysis of mouthwash use for the prevention of dental plaques Chapter 4A systematic review with meta-analysis of mouthwash use for the prevention of gingivitis Chapter 5A systematic review with meta-analysis of mouthwash use for the prevention of dental caries 5.1Fluoride mouthwashes 5.2Combination of topical fl uoride compared to single topical fl uoride for preventing dental caries 5.3Materials and Methods for the combination of topical fl uoride compared to single topical fl uoride for preventing dental caries 5.4Findings for the combination of topical fl uoride compared to single topical fl uoride for preventing dental caries 5.5Fluoridation of salt Chapter 6Oral malignancy 6.1 Background 6.2 Tobacco smoking 6.3Tobacco and alcohol interaction 6.4Oral cancer and mouthwash 6.5Mechanisms of carcinogenesis of alcohol relevant to oral cancer References Appendices Executive SummaryCareful quantitative assessment of data regarding use of mouthwash and risk of common oral conditions reveals that there is a clear evidence of benefi t from use in terms of reducing the risk of dental plaque, gingivitis, dental caries and that there are no major adverse effects including no evidence of an increased risk of oral cancer among users of mouthwash containing alcohol.Despite limitations in the quality of many studies conducted, there is a signifi cant reduction of both dental plaque and gingivitis associated with use of mouthwash preparations containing chlorhexidine or essential oils as an adjunct to standard care. The effect of mouthwash containing essential oils on both plaque and gingivitis is less than chlorhexidine in studies of less than 3 months duration but improves with increasing duration of use and equals or exceeds the effect of chlorhexidine when use is 6 months of ...