1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α25VitD3) has potent immunomodulatory properties. We have previously demonstrated that 1α25VitD3 promotes human and murine IL-10-secreting CD4 + T cells. Because of the clinical relevance of this observation, we characterized these cells further and investigated their relationship with Foxp3 + regulatory T (Treg) cells. 1α25VitD3 increased the frequency of both Foxp3 + and IL-10 + CD4 + T cells in vitro. However, Foxp3 was increased at high concentrations of 1α25VitD3 and IL-10 at more moderate levels, with little coexpression of these molecules. The Foxp3 + and IL-10 + T-cell populations showed comparable suppressive activity. We demonstrate that the enhancement of Foxp3 expression by 1α25VitD3 is impaired by IL-10. 1α25VitD3 enables the selective expansion of Foxp3 + Treg cells over their Foxp3 − T-cell counterparts. Equally, 1α25VitD3 maintains Foxp3 + expression by sorted populations of human and murine Treg cells upon in vitro culture. A positive in vivo correlation between vitamin D status and CD4 + Foxp3 + T cells in the airways was observed in a severe pediatric asthma cohort, supporting the in vitro observations. In summary, we provide evidence that 1α25VitD3 enhances the frequency of both IL-10 + and Foxp3 + Treg cells. In a translational setting, these data suggest that 1α25VitD3, over a broad concentration range, will be effective in enhancing the frequency of Treg cells.Keywords: 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 r Asthma r Immune regulation r Regulatory T cells
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IntroductionConsiderable interest exists in the therapeutic potential of regulatory T (Treg) cells to treat a range of immune-mediated patholoCorrespondence: Dr. Catherine M. Hawrylowicz e-mail: catherine.hawrylowicz@kcl.ac.uk gies in humans. This is partly based on evidence obtained from animal models of human disease demonstrating the capacity of Treg cells to control transplant rejection, and to successfully treat autoimmune and allergic disease [1]. Two broad therapeutic * These authors contributed equally to this work. [11]. These studies demonstrate a correlation between therapeutic efficacy and increased frequency or quantities of CD4 + CD25 + T cells, IL-10, TGF-β, and CTLA-4.Our earlier studies have highlighted the capacity of 1α25VitD3 to promote human CD4 + IL-10 secreting Treg cells (IL-10-Treg) in culture both alone [12] and in concert with glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone [13,14]. Furthermore, treatment of severe steroid refractory asthma patients with 1α25VitD3 in vivo directly increased IL-10 gene expression in CD3 + CD4 + T cells [12], and restored the impaired steroid-induced IL-10 response in CD4 + cells in vitro [14,15].The present study was designed to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of 1α25VitD3 in the context of asthmatic disease, and to determine effects on the induction of both IL-10 + and Foxp3 + T cells. Specifically, we have examined the effects of 1α25VitD3 on total, unfractionated CD4 + T-cell populations, r...