2,3,5-Trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT), a component of fox odor – Just repugnant or really fear-inducing?

Fendt, Markus; Endres, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.010

Cited by 99 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Odor exposure was performed by adding 10 μl of liquid odorant (5% 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline; TMT) to two pieces of filter paper (2 × 2 cm 2 ) affixed to the left and right test chamber walls before placing the subject into the chamber. TMT is an active compound derived from fox scent glands and elicits a prey fear response in mice (Ayers et al, 2013;Fendt and Endres, 2008).…”

Section: Chronic Variable Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

ApoE2 Exaggerates PTSD-Related Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neuroendocrine Alterations

Johnson

Zuloaga

Bidiman

et al. 2015

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an essential component of lipoprotein particles in both the brain and periphery, and exists in three isoforms in the human population: E2, E3, and E4. ApoE has numerous, well-established roles in neurobiology. Most notably, E4 is associated with earlier onset and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although possession of E2 is protective in the context of AD, E2 appears to confer an increased incidence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the biological processes underlying this link remain unclear. In this study, we began to elucidate these associations by examining the effects of apoE on PTSD severity in combat veterans, and on PTSD-like behavior in mice with human apoE. In a group of 92 veterans with PTSD, we observed significantly higher Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and PTSD Checklist scores in E2+ individuals, as well as alterations in salivary cortisol levels. Furthermore, we measured behavioral and biological outcomes in mice expressing human apoE after a single stressful event as well as following a period of chronic variable stress, a model of combat-related trauma. Mice with E2 showed impairments in fear extinction, and behavioral, cognitive, and neuroendocrine alterations following trauma. To the best of our knowledge, these data constitute the first translational demonstration of PTSD severity in men and PTSD-like symptoms in mice with E2, and point to apoE as a novel biomarker of susceptibility, and potential therapeutic target, for PTSD.

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Section: Chronic Variable Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

ApoE2 Exaggerates PTSD-Related Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neuroendocrine Alterations

Johnson

Zuloaga

Bidiman

et al. 2015

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The stressors included acoustic stimulation (78-115 dB 20-40 ms noise bursts; intertrial intervals ranged from 4 to 22 s and averaged 13 s: total duration of session: 15 min), inverse light and dark cycle (over a 48 h period), exposure to overcrowding under a bright light (six rats in a standard home cage, 1000 lx, 2 h), inescapable foot shock (three foot shocks of 1 mA, 1 s, 1 min intershock interval), an elevated platform (rats were placed on a platform (20 cm Â 20 cm) elevated 1 m above the ground for 2 h), predator odor (1 h exposure to 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline, a synthetic compound originally isolated from fox feces; Fendt and Endres, 2008), bright light and water deprivation (1000 lx, 30 min), food deprivation (24 h), and forced swim stress (15 min). The stressed pairs of rats were housed separated by transparent plastic wall, which allowed visual and olfactory contact between them.…”

Section: Chronic Unpredictable Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Castro

Diessler

Varea

et al. 2012

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Summary Emerging evidence indicates that certain behavioral traits, such as anxiety, are associated with the development of depression-like behaviors after exposure to chronic stress. However, single traits do not explain the wide variability in vulnerability to stress observed in outbred populations. We hypothesized that a combination of behavioral traits might provide a better characterization of an individual's vulnerability to prolonged stress. Here, we sought to determine whether the characterization of relevant behavioral traits in rats could aid in identifying individuals with different vulnerabilities to developing stress-induced depressionlike behavioral alterations. We also investigated whether behavioral traits would be related to the development of alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in brain activityas measured through phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) -in response to an acute stressor following either sub-chronic (2 weeks) or chronic (4 weeks) unpredictable stress (CUS). Sprague-Dawley rats were characterized using a battery of behavioral tasks, and three principal traits were identified: anxiety, exploration and activity. When combined, the first two traits were found to explain the variability in the stress responses. Our findings confirm the increased risk of animals with high anxiety developing certain depression-like behaviors (e.g., increased floating time in the forced swim test) when progressively exposed to stress. In contrast, the behavioral profile based on combined low anxiety and low exploration was resistant to alterations related to social behaviors, while the high anxiety and low exploration profile displayed a particularly vulnerable pattern of physiological and neurobiological responses after sub-chronic stress exposure. Our findings indicate important differences in

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“…More recently, many studies have focused on synthetically derived components of predator anal gland secretions or faeces as unconditioned fear stimuli (e.g. Wallace and Rosen, 2000;Dielenberg and McGregor, 2001;Blanchard et al, 2003;Apfelbach et al, 2005;Fendt et al, 2005;Fendt and Endres, 2008). In contrast to natural predator odours, synthetic compounds allow the use of standardised and comparable concentrations and to eliminate possible confounding factors, such as effects of recent diet of the odour donator (Berton et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The innate behavioural reactions of rats to TMT exposure are similar to those caused by natural predators odours, e.g. freezing and other species-specific defence reactions (Wallace and Rosen, 2000;Fendt et al, 2005;Fendt and Endres, 2008). In some cases, however, no fear or anti-predator behaviours were observed in response to TMT (Burwash et al, 1998;McGregor et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cave-dwelling bats do not avoid TMT and 2-PT – components of predator odour that induce fear in other small mammals

Driessens

Siemers

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYRecognition and avoidance of predators is fundamental for the survival of prey animals. Here we conducted the first study assessing chemosensory predator recognition in cave-dwelling bats. We used a Y-maze approach to test the reaction of greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) to two synthetically derived components of predator odour (2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline, TMT, a component of fox faeces scent; and 2-propylthietane, 2-PT, a component of mustelid scent) and to the natural scent of the least weasel (Mustela nivalis). It is well documented that rodents and several other small mammals show strong and at least partly innate fear reactions when confronted with these odorants. By contrast, the bats did not show any avoidance or fear reaction, despite the fact that relatively high odorant concentrations were presented. Furthermore, they did not react differently towards predator scent and towards acrid but otherwise neutral odours (basil or goat). The number of entries into in the Y-maze arm with the odour source and the time spent in this arm as well as the bats' overall exploratory activity and several other behavioural variables were not affected by the odour treatments. Generally, the sense of smell is well developed in bats and plays an important role in bat behavioural ecology. It is thus somewhat surprising that the bats did not show any avoidance reaction to predator scent, even though direct contact with a mustelid or fox would result in death. We discuss ecological explanations that might have prevented bats from evolving olfactory predatory recognition and avoidance.

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2,3,5-Trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT), a component of fox odor – Just repugnant or really fear-inducing?

Cited by 99 publications

References 74 publications

ApoE2 Exaggerates PTSD-Related Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neuroendocrine Alterations

ApoE2 Exaggerates PTSD-Related Behavioral, Cognitive, and Neuroendocrine Alterations

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Cave-dwelling bats do not avoid TMT and 2-PT – components of predator odour that induce fear in other small mammals

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