Mercury (Hg) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are
major environmental contaminants that commonly co-occur in the environment. Both Hg and
TCDD are associated with a number of human diseases including cancers. While the
individual toxicological effects of Hg and TCDD have been extensively investigated,
studies on co-exposure are limited to a few genes and pathways. Therefore, a significant
knowledge gap exists in the understanding of the deleterious effects of co-exposure to Hg
and TCDD. Due to the prevalence of Hg and TCDD co-contamination in the environment and the
major human health hazards they pose, it is important to obtain a fuller understanding of
genome-wide effects of Hg and TCDD co-exposure. In this study, by performing a
comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B)
exposed to Hg and TCDD individually and in combination, we have uncovered a subset of
genes with altered expression only in the co-exposed cells. We also identified the
additive as well as antagonistic effects of Hg and TCDD on gene expression. Moreover, we
found that co-exposure impacted several biological and disease processes not affected by
Hg or TCDD individually. Our studies show that the consequences of Hg and TCDD co-exposure
on the transcriptional program and biological processes could be substantially different
from single exposures, thus providing new insights into the co-exposure-specific
pathogenic processes.