Ullmann coupling of 4-bromobiphenyl thermally catalyzedo nA g(111), Cu(111), and Cu(100) surfaces was scrutinized by scanning tunneling microscopya sw ell as theoretical calculations.D etailed experimental evidence showed that initial formation of organometallic intermediates on the surface,a ss elf-assembled structures or sparsely dispersed species,i sd etermined by the subsequent reaction pathway.Specifically,the assembled organometallic intermediates at full coverage underwent as ingle-barrier process to directly convert into the final coupling products,w hile the sparsely dispersed intermediates at low coverage went through ad ouble-barrier process via newly identified clover-shaped intermediates prior to formation of the final coupling products. These findings demonstrate that as elf-assembly strategy can efficiently steer surface reaction pathways and dynamics.