2. Assessing the range of contact-induced grammaticalization in Slavonic

Peculiarities and origins of the Russian referential system

“…So the modern Russian referential system, with its hybrid character, probably resulted from a combination of internal and external factors. The evolutionary stages of the process are captured quite well by the triad suggested by Wiemer & Hansen (2012): innovation -propagation -entrenchment. The scenario of the emergence of the Russian referential system described above recalls the notion of "narrowing" proposed by Heine (2008: 40):…”

“…Trudgill 2011, Nichols 2012, Matras and Sakel 2007, from which we learn that rather subtle sociolinguistic parameters, such as the age of language acquisition, size of a community, intensity of contact, extent of contact, relative social importance of languages, the amount of bilingualism, et cetera, can affect the type, pace, and likelihood of linguistic influence. Wiemer & Hansen (2012) document multiple examples of German influence upon Slavic languages, differing in accordance with the sociolinguistic type of contact. They also point out (pp.…”

Cross-Linguistic Trade-Offs and Causal Relationships Between Cues to Grammatical Subject and Object, and the Problem of Efficiency-Related Explanations

“…Another case is clitic doubling in some high-contact varieties, such as languages of the Balkan Sprachbund, which means that some objects are expressed twice 3 . According to Wiemer and Hansen (2012 : 127), it helps “speakers in multilingual settings of a primarily oral culture … to achieve the most reliable degree of mutual intelligibility.” So, a negative correlation between linguistic cues does not tell us much about efficiency if other factors, such as predictability and ease of processing, are not controlled for.…”

Остаться с носом и без носа — On Changing and Staying the Same

“…The development of Polish and Swedish inchoatives has been explained in Weiss (1982), Wiemer (1998Wiemer ( , 2004 and Wiemer & Hansen (2012). Not only have the initially continuative verbs in these languages grammaticalized as inchoative copulas, but they have also developed into homonymous passive auxiliaries.…”