“…Mineral acids (such as HCl, HBr, or H2SO4) and organic acids (such as formic or acetic acids[29][30][31][32], sulfamic acid[33][34][35][36], or p-Toluenesulfonic acid[37]) have been successfully employed as catalysts in this method. Furthermore, tests of a wide selection of Lewis acids (such as chlorides, oxides, and other salts of transition metals such as Fe, Cu[38][39][40][41][42], Zn[43,44], Al[45,46], Ti[47][48][49], and Zr[50], along with different examples of rare earth salts) have been reported in the literature. Among other examples, Wang and co-workers studied with an extensive screening the effect of the nature of the Lewis acids used as catalytic species in the reaction between indole and benzaldehyde[51].As an alternative to the synthesis under homogeneous catalysis, different approaches based on heterogeneous catalysis have been proposed, including those based on HY and ZnY zeolites[52][53][54], polystyrene-based resins[55], amberlyst[56][57][58], PEG-supported sulfonic acid[59], lanthanide resins[60], and montmorillonite clay K-10 catalysts[61].Nanocrystalline catalysts such as semiconducting CdS nanorods have also been proposed for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes in different media at reflux temperature[62], opening the way to greener approaches such as solvent-free reaction at 80 °C mediated by magnetically recoverable γ-Fe2O3 nanocatalysts[63].…”