The product of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene (NBS1) plays crucial roles in DNA damage response through its association with many proteins, including MRE11 and RAD50. However, it remains to be determined exactly how NBS1 accumulates at or near DNA double-strand breaks. Here we report that MDC1 directly binds to NBS1 and targets NBS1 to the sites of DNA damage. The MDC1-NBS1 interaction occurs through a specific region (residues 200 -420) of MDC1, which contains multiple consensus casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation sites. In addition, this interaction requires both the forkhead-associated (FHA) and tandem BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains of NBS1. Disruption of the MDC1-NBS1 interaction results in failure of NBS1 accumulation at DNA doublestrand breaks and impairment of intra-S checkpoint activation. These studies provide important mechanistic insights as to how MDC1 regulates NBS1 and the intra-S-phase checkpoint in response to DNA damage.complex plays important roles in cell cycle checkpoint signaling and DNA repair. Hypomorphic mutations in NBS1 and MRE11 cause Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) and ataxiatelangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD) respectively (1-3), characterized by developmental defects, immunodeficiency, and a high incidence of cancer. Cells derived from NBS and ATLD patients are hypersensitive to radiation and display impaired intra-Sphase checkpoint activation (1-3), supporting critical roles of this complex in DNA damage response.In response to DNA damage, the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex regulates the activation of ATM, the protein kinase essential for the DNA damage signaling. The key component involved in ATM activation is believed to be NBS1, because NBS1 directly binds to ATM through a very C-terminal motif and modulates ATM autophosphorylation (4-7). Biochemical evidence also suggests that the MRN complex recruits ATM to the vicinity of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and stimulates ATM activation (8). In addition to playing a role in ATM activation, NBS1 also functions downstream of ATM in regulating the intra-S-phase checkpoint (9-11). Besides regulating ATM-dependent phosphorylation of SMC proteins (12, 13), the mechanism by which NBS1 participates in this intra-S-phase checkpoint remains elusive.The human NBS1 gene encodes a 754-aa nuclear protein with an N-terminal forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and breast cancer BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domain. Recently, a second BRCT domain (termed BRCT2) has been identified adjacent to the first BRCT domain (termed BRCT1) (14). Both FHA and BRCT domains mediate protein-protein interaction by recognizing phosphoserine (pSer) and phosphothreonine (pThr)-containing motifs, and many proteins involved in the DNA damage responses contain functional FHA and BRCT domains. Previous reports indicate that retention of NBS1 at DSBs, after DNA damage, is mediated by its interaction with MDC1 (15-19). Moreover, the FHA and BRCT domains of NBS1 are required for its recruitment to DSBs (nuclear foci) after DNA damage (20)(21)(22). Despite these results, it is st...