“…The mode of cation detection is largely based on the design of the molecular framework, normally via several interaction mechanisms, 8,[42][43][44][45] which in many cases characterized by functional groups [46][47][48][49][50] and coordination interaction. [51][52][53][54] Commonly used binding units in colorimetric chemosensors include bipyridines, Schiff bases, guanidine, rhodamine dyes, and azo dyes. [55][56][57] Among these, azo dyes have gained prominence due to their straightforward synthesis, distinctive photophysical properties, and strong affinity for various heavy metal ions.…”