2-Ethylhexanoic Acid: Subchronic Oral Toxicity Studies in the Rat and Mouse

Juberg, Daland R.; David, Raymond M.; Katz, Gary V.; Bernard, L.G.; Gordon, D.R.; Vlaovic, Milan S.; Topping, Douglas C.

doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00168-3

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Interestingly, three out of four chemicals expressing the highest liver-altering potency in the FET (valproic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 4- ene valproic acid) were also in vivo-positive for steatosis in mice and rat (Abdel-Dayem et al 2014 ; BG Chemie 2000 ; Espandiari et al 2008 ; Ibrahim 2012 ; Juberg et al 1998 ; Kassahun and Abbott 1993 ; Knapp et al 2008 ; Löscher et al 1992 ; Löscher et al 1993 ; Patel and Sanyal 2013 ; Sugimoto et al 1987 ; Tang et al 1995 ; Tong et al 2005 ; Zhang et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to available mammalian studies, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 4- ene valproic acid and 4-pentenoic acid expressed an in vivo-positive potency in mice and rats for liver toxicity, including indications for steatosis (BG Chemie 2000 ; Fukami and Williamson 1971 ; Glasgow and Chase 1975 ; Juberg et al 1998 ; Kassahun and Abbott 1993 ; Nau and Löscher 1986 ; Patel and Sanyal 2013 ; Tang et al 1995 ). 2-Ethylbutric acid was also tested in mice and rats, but did not show any hepatotoxic effects, which was classified as in vivo-negative (Api et al 2020 ; Di Carlo et al 1986 ; Di Carlo 1990 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure—a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues

et al. 2022

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Valproic acid is a frequently used antiepileptic drug and known pediatric hepatotoxic agent. In search of pharmaceuticals with increased effectiveness and reduced toxicity, analogue chemicals came into focus. So far, toxicity and teratogenicity data of drugs and metabolites have usually been collected from mammalian model systems such as mice and rats. However, in an attempt to reduce mammalian testing while maintaining the reliability of toxicity testing of new industrial chemicals and drugs, alternative test methods are being developed. To this end, the potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo to discriminate between valproic acid and 14 analogues was investigated by exposing zebrafish embryos for 120 h post fertilization in the extended version of the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET; OECD TG 236), and analyzing liver histology to evaluate the correlation of liver effects and the molecular structure of each compound. Although histological evaluation of zebrafish liver did not identify steatosis as the prominent adverse effect typical in human and mice, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) derived was comparable not only to human HepG2 cells, but also to available in vivo mouse and rat data. Thus, there is evidence that zebrafish embryos might serve as a tool to bridge the gap between subcellular, cell-based systems and vertebrate models.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure—a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues

et al. 2022

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“…In the case of 2‐ethylhexanoic acid, there are issues with respect to SC 4 as some studies indicate subchronic oral toxicity and teratogenicity .…”

Section: Sustainability Considerations Of Metal Soaps Using the Tns Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal soaps under the view point of sustainability—One vision

Artok

Schiller

Everard

2015

Vinyl Additive Technology

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Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) products accompany us throughout our lives, from toys to potable water pipes. In many instances, this is enabled by the capacity of PVC to deliver benefits over a very long lifetime with barely diminished functional efficiency and operational reliability. However, people today are often misled by marketing claims such as products being “green,” “bio‐based,” or “environmentally friendly.” This willful or unintended misleading of public opinion is enabled by an often vague or imprecise understanding of what is meant by the term “sustainable.” The European PVC industry has recently published a renewed commitment to sustainability under the VinylPlus program . It is to progress and promote this ongoing commitment to sustainable development‐‐‐measures to make practical progress toward the goal of sustainability, which we decided to publish in this paper, in which we have sought to evaluate data relevant to sustainability challenges within the PVC industry and the societal lifecycle of the plastic. We have done this by applying a science‐based sustainability framework to evaluate a category of PVC additives that can make a significant contribution toward fully sustainable products. Metal soaps such as stearates, oleates, 12‐hydroxy stearates, laurates, octoates, and benzoates of lead, barium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, and cadmium were and are partially still playing an important role in PVC applications. Owing largely to the ubiquity of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum in the natural environment, salts of these metals formed with organic acids already have a higher potential to become fully sustainable. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:125–134, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…Accordingly, the data on the reproductive and developmental toxicity on 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the mechanism of action for both, which were included in the original rereview of cetearyl ethylhexanoate, are reiterated here. 21 -36…”

Section: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Assessment of Alkyl Ethylhexanoates as Used in Cosmetics

Fiume¹,

Heldreth²,

Bergfeld³

et al. 2015

Int J Toxicol

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The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 16 alkyl ethylhexanoates for use in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentrations when formulated to be nonirritating. The alkyl ethylhexanoates primarily function as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetics. The highest concentration of use reported for any of the alkyl ethylhexanoates is 77.3% cetyl ethylhexanoate in rinse-off formulations used near the eye, and the highest leave-on use reported is 52% cetyl ethylhexanoate in lipstick formulations. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data related to these ingredients, and the similarities in structure, properties, functions, and uses of ingredients from previous CIR assessments on constituent alcohols that allowed for extrapolation of the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group.

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2-Ethylhexanoic Acid: Subchronic Oral Toxicity Studies in the Rat and Mouse

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure—a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues

Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure—a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues

Metal soaps under the view point of sustainability—One vision

Safety Assessment of Alkyl Ethylhexanoates as Used in Cosmetics

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