2 Towards Understanding the Internationalization of Higher Education and Its Challenges

Issues in Malaysian Higher Education: A Quantitative Representation of the Top Five Priorities, Values, Challenges, and Solutions From the Viewpoints of Academic Leaders

“…A few of these studies include the investigation of the relationship between the quality culture and workforce leadership performance in Malaysian HE (Ali & Musah, 2012); the issue of knowledge management, knowledge sharing, and research collaboration in Malaysian public universities (Tan & Md. Noor, 2013); strategic planning in Malaysian HEIs; university autonomy and political uncertainties (Sirat, 2010); global trends; national policies and institutional responses toward restructuring of Malaysian HE (M. N. N. Lee, 2004); internationalization challenges in Malaysia (Karim & Maarof, 2012); leadership crisis in Malaysian public universities (Sirat, Ahmad, & Azman, 2012); and the main issues of Malaysian public and private HEIs (M. N. N. Lee, 2015). It is noteworthy that as elaborated by M. N. N. Lee (2015), the privatization of HE, the corporatization of public Malaysian HEIs, the embedment of quality assurance in HE, the diversification in sources of funding, and the internationalization of HE were addressed as the main critical issues of Malaysian HEIs.…”

“…The shift from the elite higher education (HE) paradigm to mass HE (Daniel, 1993;Ramsden, 1998), internationalization and globalization (De Wit, 2011;Enders, 2004;Karim & Maarof, 2012;Rostan & Ceravolo, 2015;Shin & Harman, 2009;Van Damme, 2001), wide utilization of information technology (Scott, Tilbury, Sharp, & Deane, 2012;Stensaker, Maassen, Borgan, Oftebro, & Karseth, 2007), and the new fundraising approaches in HE (Keener, Carrier, & Meaders, 2002;Shin & Harman, 2009;Teixeira & Koryakina, 2013) deem to be a few of the main sources of the change forces for the newly emerged challenges. Not only the universities are facing challenges, but also they cause many changes in societies.…”