20 Years of Monitoring CO2-injection at Sleipner

Furre, Anne-Kari; Eiken, Ola; Alnes, Håvard; Vevatne, Jonas Nesland; Kiær, Anders Fredrik

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1523

Cited by 237 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Such sequestration technique is, at present, probably one of the most promising options due to the previous experience by the oil and gas industry. In fact, the industry has a good understanding of the structural characteristics and behavior of depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and the existing well-drilling and injection techniques can be adapted for carbon storage applications (Metz et al, 2005) (e.g., CO 2 -injection at Sleipner) (Leung et al, 2014;Furre et al, 2017). The main issues with CO 2 storage are their possible leaks and the related damage that would cause if a concentrated stream escaped into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Hydrogenation Induced by Mechanochemical Activation of Olivine With Water Under CO2 Atmosphere

et al. 2019

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A study on the mechanochemical activation of the olivine in presence of H 2 O and under CO 2 atmosphere have been approached, focusing both on the structural nature of the transformation and the conversion of CO 2 to methane and light hydrocarbons. The mechanochemical process was carried out by high energy laboratory mills, with milling vials properly modified in order to be used as batch reactors. Chemical reactivity and reaction rates were investigated under different experimental conditions, evidencing increased performance with respect to the thermally activated process reported in literature. Mechanical treatment induced H 2 O and olivine activation, with consequent release of molecular H 2 which, in turn, allowed hydrogenation of activated CO 2. This last reaction also led, through a competitive process, to the precipitation of carbonate phases, whose composition and structural features were dependent of the CO 2 /H 2 O ratio.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Hydrogenation Induced by Mechanochemical Activation of Olivine With Water Under CO2 Atmosphere

et al. 2019

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“…; Furre, Kiær and Eiken ; Furre et al . ). Previous studies based on time‐lapse analysis help to reveal the details of the CO 2 plume development ( Eiken et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The seismic monitoring programme at Sleipner includes a three-dimensional baseline survey prior to CO 2 injection and several monitor surveys every 2-3 years (Arts et al 2008;Furre, Kiaer and Eiken 2015;Furre et al 2017). Previous studies based on time-lapse analysis help to reveal the details of the CO 2 plume development ( Eiken et al 2000;Arts et al 2002;Arts et al 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

CO₂ saturation estimates at Sleipner (North Sea) from seismic tomography and rock physics inversion

Yan

Dupuy

Romdhane

et al. 2018

Geophysical Prospecting

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CO2 saturations are estimated at Sleipner using a two‐step imaging workflow. The workflow combines seismic tomography (full‐waveform inversion) and rock physics inversion and is applied to a two‐dimensional seismic line located near the injection point at Sleipner. We use baseline data (1994 vintage, before CO2 injection) and monitor data that was acquired after 12 years of CO2 injection (2008 vintage). P‐wave velocity models are generated using the Full waveform inversion technology and then, we invert selected rock physics parameters using an rock physics inversion methodology. Full waveform inversion provides high‐resolution P‐wave velocity models both for baseline and monitor data. The physical relations between rock physics properties and acoustic wave velocities in the Utsira unconsolidated sandstone (reservoir formation) are defined using a dynamic rock physics model based on well‐known Biot–Gassmann theories. For data prior to injection, rock frame properties (porosity, bulk and shear dry moduli) are estimated using rock physics inversion that allows deriving physically consistent properties with related uncertainty. We show that the uncertainty related to limited input data (only P‐wave velocity) is not an issue because the mean values of parameters are correct. These rock frame properties are then used as a priori constraint in the monitor case. For monitor data, the Full waveform inversion results show nicely resolved thin layers of CO2–brine saturated sandstones under intra‐reservoir shale layers. The CO2 saturation estimation is carried out by plugging an effective fluid phase in the rock physics model. Calculating the effective fluid bulk modulus of the brine–CO2 mixture (using Brie equation in our study) is shown to be the key factor to link P‐wave velocity to CO2 saturation. The inversion tests are done with several values of Brie/patchiness exponent and show that the CO2 saturation estimates are varying between 0.30 and 0.90 depending on the rock physics model and the location in the reservoir. The uncertainty in CO2 saturation estimation is usually lower than 0.20. When the patchiness exponent is considered as unknown, the inversion is less constrained and we end up with values of exponent varying between 5 and 20 and up to 33 in specific reservoir areas. These estimations tend to show that the CO2–brine mixing is between uniform and patchy mixing and variable throughout the reservoir.

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“…However, Gassmann's (1951) equations are by far the most widely used relations to calculate seismic velocity changes caused by different fluid saturation in reservoirs (Berryman, 1999;Mavko et al, 2009;Müller et al, 2010;Pride et al, 2004). The importance of accurate saturation prediction grows as seismic data are increasingly used during reservoir monitoring and during monitoring of carbon dioxide storage (e.g., Bergmann & Chadwick, 2015;Dupuy et al, 2017;Furre et al, 2017;Grude et al, 2014). Gassmann's relations were originally derived to describe the change in rock modulus from one pure saturation to another-from dry to fully brine saturated, from fully brine saturated to fully oil saturated, and soforth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Fluid Bulk Modulus in the Partially Saturated Rock and the Amplitude Dispersion Effects

Rozhko

2020

JGR Solid Earth

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Frequency dispersion is a well‐known effect in geophysics, which means that waves of different wavelengths propagate at different velocities. Amplitude dispersion is a less‐known effect, which means that waves of different amplitudes propagate at different velocities. Herewith, we consider the alteration of the interfacial energy during wave‐induced two‐phase fluid flow in a partially saturated rock and demonstrate that this leads to a nonlinear amplitude dispersion effect. When the wave amplitude is small, seismic waves cause bending of the interface menisci between immiscible fluids at the pore scale. However, when the wave amplitude is sufficiently large, the interface menisci will slip at the pore scale, causing attenuation of the elastic energy by the contact line friction mechanism. At the zero frequency limit, all viscous dissipation models predict zero attenuation of the elastic wave energy, while this approach predicts a nonzero attenuation due to a static contact angle hysteresis effect. Herein, we extend the Gassmann's theory with three extra terms, which can be obtained from standard laboratory tests: pore‐size distribution and interfacial tension between immiscible fluids and rock wettability (advancing and receding contact angles). We derive closed‐form analytical expressions predicting the effective fluid modulus in partially saturated rock, which falls between Voigt and Reuss averages. Next, we demonstrate that the nonlinear amplitude dispersion effect leads to energy transfer between different frequencies. This may explain the low‐frequency microtremor anomalies, frequently observed above hydrocarbon reservoirs, when the low‐frequency energy of ocean waves (0.1–1 Hz) is converted to higher frequencies (2–6 Hz) by partially saturated reservoirs.

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20 Years of Monitoring CO2-injection at Sleipner

Cited by 237 publications

References 47 publications

CO2 Hydrogenation Induced by Mechanochemical Activation of Olivine With Water Under CO2 Atmosphere

CO2 Hydrogenation Induced by Mechanochemical Activation of Olivine With Water Under CO2 Atmosphere

CO₂ saturation estimates at Sleipner (North Sea) from seismic tomography and rock physics inversion

Effective Fluid Bulk Modulus in the Partially Saturated Rock and the Amplitude Dispersion Effects

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20 Years of Monitoring CO2-injection at Sleipner

Cited by 237 publications

References 47 publications

CO2 Hydrogenation Induced by Mechanochemical Activation of Olivine With Water Under CO2 Atmosphere

CO2 Hydrogenation Induced by Mechanochemical Activation of Olivine With Water Under CO2 Atmosphere

CO2 saturation estimates at Sleipner (North Sea) from seismic tomography and rock physics inversion

Effective Fluid Bulk Modulus in the Partially Saturated Rock and the Amplitude Dispersion Effects

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Product

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About

CO₂ saturation estimates at Sleipner (North Sea) from seismic tomography and rock physics inversion