20 years of national wildlife disease surveillance

Holmes, J. P.; Duff, J. Paul; Barlow, Alex; Everest, Dave; Man, Cat; Smith, Freya; Twomey, Fin

doi:10.1136/vr.l1903

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Finally, there are a large number of diseases that are under-surveyed. A large number of studies support surveillance programs as they improve the early detection of diseases [ 381 , 382 , 383 , 384 ]. These surveillance programs must have regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to non-human primates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review

2021

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A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review

2021

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“…Wildlife diseases occur in numerous forms in a variety of animal species and populations around the globe. In addition, wildlife can serve as a reservoir for highly contagious and deadly diseases, many of which are infectious to domestic animals or humans, and may impact biodiversity [1,3] and the economy. Health monitoring and surveillance is an integral part of wildlife disease identification and management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty Years of Passive Disease Surveillance of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Slovenia

Vengušt

Kuhar

Jerina³

et al. 2021

Animals

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In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) diagnosed within the national passive health surveillance of roe deer in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2019, postmortem examinations of 510 free-ranging roe deer provided by hunters were conducted at the Veterinary Faculty, Slovenia. A comprehensive necropsy was performed. According to the results of the necropsy, the samples were subjected to microscopic, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, or virological examination. The most frequent causes of death in roe deer were infectious diseases (67%), followed by noninfectious diseases (28%). Of all deaths, parasitic infections represented 48%, bacterial infections 14.8%, trauma 12.5%, and metabolic disorders 9.8%. Less frequent causes were diseases like neoplasia and mycotic infections, winter starvation, hernias, and lightning strike. This study covered an estimated 1% of the total disease-related mortality of roe deer in Slovenia. Comparisons of sex/age structure indicated that hunters did not provide random samples (e.g., young males were disproportionately represented). Therefore, such monitoring does not ensure an unbiased assessment of the significance of the individual disease for the mortality of the population; however, it can provide credible evidence of whether or not a particular disease is present in a population. We show that no identified disease in roe deer in Slovenia can be considered a significant health threat to roe deer, other wildlife species, or humans.

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“…Zoonotic diseases have received attention in recent decades due to the emergence of pathogens resulting in epidemics and pandemics with substantial implications for public health, global economy and agricultural industry (Daszak, Cunningham, & Hyatt, 2000; Holmes et al., 2019). About 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin, and wild animals are often their primary reservoirs (Cunningham, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin, and wild animals are often their primary reservoirs (Cunningham, 2005). Examples of such pathogens include those causing tuberculosis and brucellosis, with implications for the agricultural industry (James & Rushton, 2002), and Ebola virus and SARS‐CoV‐2, causing disease outbreaks with grave economic and public health implications (Holmes et al., 2019; Wang, Horby, Hayden, & Gao, 2020). Zoonotic and other wildlife diseases also have substantial conservation consequences because they have been implicated as the cause of population decline of many wildlife species, including the African lion Panthera leo (attributed to canine distemper virus; Roelke‐Parker et al., 1996) and the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (caused by rabies; Alexander & Appel, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi‐state occupancy modelling framework for robust estimation of disease prevalence in multi‐tissue disease systems

Chaudhary

Hernández²,

Hines

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Ecology

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1. Given the public health, economic and conservation implications of zoonotic diseases, their effective surveillance is of paramount importance. The traditional approach to estimating pathogen prevalence as the proportion of infected individuals in the population is biased because it fails to account for imperfect detection. A statistically robust way to reduce bias in prevalence estimates is to obtain repeated samples (or sample many tissues in multi-tissue disease systems) and to apply statistical methods that account for imperfect detection and permit the interdependence of the infection process across multiple tissues. 2. We developed a multi-state occupancy modelling framework which considers two scenarios about the infection process, one where no assumptions about the dependencies among the tissues are made (general), and another where dependence among tissues is not permitted (constrained). 3. We applied this framework to pseudorabies virus (PrV) DNA detection data obtained from whole blood; and oral, nasal and genital mucosa of 510 feral swine Sus scrofa during the years 2014-2016 in Florida, USA. 4. The constrained model was better supported by data. PrV prevalence estimates varied among tissues and were higher than the naïve estimates, ranging from to 0.06 (

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20 years of national wildlife disease surveillance

Abstract: The need for wildlife surveillance is as great now as it ever has been. Here, members of the APHA’s Diseases of Wildlife Scheme explain why their work is important.

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review

Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review

Twenty Years of Passive Disease Surveillance of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Slovenia

A multi‐state occupancy modelling framework for robust estimation of disease prevalence in multi‐tissue disease systems

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