2004 Sexual Harassment Survey of Reserve Component Members

Abstract

Public reporting btden for the collection oftiforoation is estimated to average I hor per respotse, including the tine for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sotnces, gathering and maintaining ttte data needed, and completing atd reviewing the collection of infotaation. Send cotttents regarding this btrden estimate or any other aspect of tttis collectiont ot i nfrmation, including stggestiotts for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Setvices, Directorate for Informoation Operations attd Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law. no person shall be stibject to a penalty for tailing to comply with a collection of inforaation if it does not dispa a cutnetly alid OMB cotttrol tuber. Arlington, VA 22209-2593 DMDC2004001 SPONSORING!MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION!AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release, distribution unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThe original document contains color images. ABSTRACT This report provides results for the 2004 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Reserve ComponentMembers. This is the Department of Defenses (DoD) first sexual harassment survey of Reserve members. The Department conducted three sexual harassment surveys of active-duty members in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force and Coast Guard in 1988, 1995, and 2002. The Reserve sexual harassment survey was modeled after the activeduty surveys. The overall purpose of these surveys is to measure the extent to which Service members report experiencing unwanted, uninvited sexual attention, the details surrounding those events (e.g.,where they occur), and Service members perceptions of the effectiveness of their leadership, training programs, and sexual harassment policies.

Sexual Harassment and its Impact for Women Officers and Cadets in the Swedish Armed Forces

“…Lipari et al (2003) found that among women surveyed in 2002, 50% experienced sexist behaviors, 45% crude or offensive behaviors, 27% experienced unwanted sexual attention, and 8% experienced sexually coercive behaviors in the previous 12 months. Similar results are reported in studies of reserve component personnel and cadets and midshipmen at U.S. service academies (Lipari et al, 2005(Lipari et al, , 2006.…”

“…An illustrative example of these findings can be observed in large scale studies of U.S. military personnel (Bastian et al, 1996;Fitzgerald et al, 1999;Lipari & Lancaster, 2003;Lipari et al, 2005) that have used the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire developed for the U.S. Department of Defense (SEQ-DoD; Fitzgerald et al, 1999;Stark, Chernyshenko, Lancaster, Drasgow, & Fitzgerald, 2002). Bastian et al (1996) reported that 78% of women on active duty in the U.S. military experienced some form of sexually harassing behavior in the previous 12 months; Lipari and Lancaster (2003) reported that 24% of women on active duty in the U.S. military experienced some type of sexual harassment in the previous 12 months; Lipari et al (2005) reported that 19% of women reservists in the U.S. military experienced some type of sexual harassment in the previous 12 months. Similar results are reported in studies of military cadets and midshipmen at the U.S. military academies (Government Accounting Office, 1994Lipari et al, 2006).…”

“…Typically, respondents are presented with a range of behavioral exemplars that include quid pro quo forms of harassment-which refer to unwanted sex-related behaviors that are imposed as a condition of employment-and hostile environment harassment-which refers to unwanted sex-related behaviors that unreasonably interfere with an individual's job performance or create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [EEOC], 1980). Large-scale studies of U.S. military personnel, which used the SEQ-DoD (e.g., Bastian et al, 1996;Lipari & Lancaster, 2003;Lipari et al, 2005), have documented participants' experiences of four general categories of sexually harassing behaviors that include sexist behaviors, crude or offensive behaviors, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. Bastian et al (1996) found that among women surveyed in 1995, 53% experienced sexist behaviors, 63% crude or offensive behaviors, 42% experienced unwanted sexual attention, and 13% experienced sexually coercive behaviors in the previous 12 months.…”

“…Sexual harassment appears to be a common experience for women in the military workplace (Bastian et al, 1996;Lipari & Lancaster, 2003;Lipari et al, 2005). Moreover, the incidence of sexual harassment across studies appears to vary as a function of the measurement approach used to assess and estimate sexual harassment rates.…”

“…Merit Systems Protection Board [USMSPB], 1981[USMSPB], , 1988[USMSPB], , 1995, and military personnel (Bastian, Lancaster, & Reyst, 1996;Lipari & Lancaster, 2003;Lipari, Lancaster, & Jones, 2005) indicate that anywhere from 15% to over 70% of women have experienced some kind of sexually harassing behavior while at school or work. Other research has documented the negative effects of sexual harassment on women's job and academic outcomes, as well as the negative effects of sexual harassment on women's psychological and physical health outcomes (Dansky & Kilpatrick, 1997;Lapierre, Spector, & Leck, 2005;Schneider, Swan, & Fitzgerald, 1997;USMSPB, 1981USMSPB, , 1988USMSPB, , 1995Willness, Steel, & Lee, 2007).…”