2009 Review and Revisions of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury

Waring, William P.; Biering‐Sørensen, Fin; Burns, Stephen P.; Donovan, William H.; Graves, Daniel E.; Jha, Abhay K.; Jones, Loring; Kirshblum, Steven; Marino, Ralph J.; Mulcahey, M. J.; Reeves, Ronald K.; Scelza, William M.; Schmidt-Read, Mary; Stein, Adam

doi:10.1080/10790268.2010.11689712

Cited by 194 publications

(132 citation statements)

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“…Additionally, data were collected by one team with a limited number of persons working together, thus facilitating reliability; validated international outcome measures were used for assessments. [14][15][16] A number of limitations of the study need to be highlighted. First, we did not have access to prehospital data, which can lead to survival bias, and we had no data of acute mortality from rural hospitals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information about socio-demography, clinical characteristics, circumstances and cause of injury, mode of transportation from the site of injury, associated injuries, spinal surgery and premedical history was also collected. Outcome measures used were mainly derived from work by the International Spinal Cord Society [14][15][16] complemented with socio-demographic information and comorbid diagnoses.…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana: characteristics, aetiology and mortality

et al. 2014

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Study design: Descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) in Botswana, with a specific focus on road traffic crashes (RTC). Setting: Main public referral hospital, Gaborone, Botswana. Method: Two samples were included. Sample one described the epidemiology and included patients admitted during a 2-year period with acute TSCI. Sample two included only patients with TSCI due to RTC. Results: Annual incidence was 13 per million population. Epidemiology of TSCI: 49 patients were included, 71% male, age ranging from 4 to 81 years, 80% ⩽ 45 years. Tetraplegia was more common than paraplegia (59/41%), and 39% had C1-C4 level of injury. The main cause of TSCI was RTC (68%), followed by assault (16%) and falls (10%). Mortality was 20%, where all, but one, had tetraplegia (18%). Median time from injury to spinal surgery was 12 days, with longer time for women, 16 days compared with 8 for men. Burst tire was the primary cause of RTC resulting in a TSCI, followed by hitting animals on the road. The majority had been passengers and 72% were involved in single crashes. Conclusion:The most common cause for TSCI was RTC, followed by assault. In-hospital mortality was high and the waiting period from the time of accident to spinal surgery was long, especially for women. The aetiology and high mortality of TSCI in Botswana indicate that improvements in roadway safety and medical care may decrease the TSCI incidence and mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana: characteristics, aetiology and mortality

et al. 2014

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“…Assessment of neurological severity was done according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. 12 Two attending specialist doctors completed the International SCI Core Data Set for all admitted patients.…”

Section: Data Collection and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and aetiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Cape Town, South Africa: a prospective, population-based study

et al. 2015

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Study design: Prospective, regional population-based study. Objectives: To provide the incidence, aetiology and injury characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. Setting: All government-funded hospitals within the City of Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: All survivors of acute TSCI, given that they met the inclusion criteria, were prospectively included for a 1-year period. The International Spinal Cord injury Core Data Set was used and systematically completed by specialist doctors. Further, international standards for neurological classification were adhered to. Results: In total, 147 cases of acute TSCI were identified and 145 were included in the study. The male to female ratio was 5.9:1 and the mean age was 33.5 years, ranging from 18 to 93. The crude incidence rate was 75.6 per million (95% CI: 64.3-88.8) with assault as the main cause of injury, accounting for 59.3% of the cases, followed by motor vehicle accidents (26.3%) and falls (11.7%). Most injuries occurred in the cervical spine (53.1%), and American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A severity was most common (39.3%) in the cohort. Conclusion: The incidence rate of TSCI in a region of South Africa was high when compared to previously postulated figures for the country. There is a need for primary preventative strategies to target younger men that are exposed to violent activities. A national study is required to learn whether these findings are only locally applicable or generalisable.

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“…5 These standards involve the testing of sensory and motor function of the limbs, trunk, and anorectal area, and are used to predict recovery of neurologic function, plan treatment, and determine treatment effectiveness. Although internationally recognized, the ISNSCI standards have low utility in the pediatric population and can lead to unreliable assessment of neurologic abnormalities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence

Barakat¹,

Mohamed²,

Hunter³

et al. 2012

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DTI in the brain has been well established, but its application in the spinal cord, especially in pediatrics, poses several challenges. The small cord size has inherent low SNR of the diffusion signal intensity, respiratory and cardiac movements induce artifacts, and EPI sequences used for obtaining diffusion indices cause eddy-current distortions. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed iFOV sequence with spatially selective 2D-RF excitations, and 2) examine reproducibility of the DTI measures.

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2009 Review and Revisions of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 194 publications

References 2 publications

Traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana: characteristics, aetiology and mortality

Traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana: characteristics, aetiology and mortality

Incidence and aetiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Cape Town, South Africa: a prospective, population-based study

Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence

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