2016 Bioenergy Industry Status Report

Moriarty, Kristen; Milbrandt, Anelia; Warner, Ethan; Lewis, John; Schwab, Amy

doi:10.2172/1431426

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Preliminary economic calculations (for details see Supplementary Section 2.4) based on previously published techno-economic analyses (TEA) 26 show that FA use could be worthwhile despite additional recovery steps in the context of diminishing solvent use in a GVL-based process. These additional steps also lead to costs within the range of those predicted for enzyme-based processes 19 . FA has been previously used in large-scale cellulose processing to increase the stretchability of viscose fibres 32,33 , further demonstrating that its large-scale use is feasible.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These processes use solvents or catalysts such as concentrated mineral acids 14 , ionic liquids 15 or cellulase enzymes 16 , the recovery or production of which represents a non-negligible fraction of process costs (> 10-20%) 2,16,17 . In the past decade, the costs of ionic liquid production and recovery and of cellulase enzyme production have dropped considerably [18][19][20] . However, their cost still offers opportunities for developing alternative depolymerization processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Carbohydrate stabilization extends the kinetic limits of chemical polysaccharide depolymerization

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Polysaccharide depolymerization is an essential step for valorizing lignocellulosic biomass. In inexpensive systems such as pure water or dilute acid mixtures, carbohydrate monomer degradation rates exceed hemicellulose-and especially cellulose-depolymerization rates at most easily accessible temperatures, limiting sugar yields. Here, we use a reversible stabilization of xylose and glucose by acetal formation with formaldehyde to alter this kinetic paradigm, preventing sugar dehydration to furans and their subsequent degradation. During a harsh organosolv pretreatment in the presence of formaldehyde, over 90% of xylan in beech wood was recovered as diformylxylose (compared to 16% xylose recovery without formaldehyde). The subsequent depolymerization of cellulose led to carbohydrate yields over 70% and a final concentration of ~5 wt%, whereas the same conditions without formaldehyde gave a yield of 28%. This stabilization strategy pushes back the longstanding kinetic limits of polysaccharide depolymerization and enables the recovery of biomass-derived carbohydrates in high yields and concentrations.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate stabilization extends the kinetic limits of chemical polysaccharide depolymerization

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass with the use of acid catalysts has been investigated for the production of levulinic acid and furfural, from cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of biomass, respectively (Shen and Wyman 2011;Galletti et al 2012;Dussan et al 2013;Yu and Tsang 2017;Chen et al 2018;Kłosowski et al 2019). Both levulinic acid and furfural have been recognised among the top 30 platform chemicals by the United States Department of Energy (Moriarty et al 2016). Levulinic acid and furfural can be used as building blocks for a variety of applications such as fuel additives, solvents and polymers (Mukherjee et al 2015;Xiong et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid residue and by-product yields from acid-catalysed conversion of poplar wood to levulinic acid

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examines the yields of solid residue and by-product from the microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic poplar wood for levulinic acid production. The aim of this study was to optimise levulinic acid production via response surface methodology (RSM) and also investigate the effect of reaction conditions on other products such as furfural, solid residue, formic acid and acetic acid yields. A maximum theoretical levulinic acid yield of 62.1% (21.0 wt %) was predicted when reaction conditions were 188 °C, 126 min and 1.93 M sulphuric acid, with a corresponding solid residue yield of 59.2 wt %. Furfural from the hydrolysis of hemicellulose was found to have significantly degraded at the optimum levulinic acid yield conditions. The investigation of formic acid yields revealed lower formic acid yields than stoichiometrically expected, indicating the organic acid reactions under microwave-assisted hydrolysis of lignocellulose. The solid residue yields were found to increase significantly with increasing reaction time and temperature. The solid residue yields under all conditions exceeded that of levulinic acid and, therefore, should be considered a significant product alongside the high-value compounds. The solid residue was further examined using IR spectra, elemental analysis and XRF for potential applications. The overall results show that poplar wood has great potential to produce renewable chemicals, but also highlight all by-products must be considered during optimization.

show abstract

“…The utilization of dedicated energy crops for cellulosic biofuels is still in the early stage, at pilot scale, and cellulosic biofuel production has yet to be widely commercialized. There were only five commercial‐scale cellulosic ethanol plants in operation in the USA by the end of 2016, with a total capacity of 61.6 million gallons per year . There are many economic risks in the biofuel supply chain and many technical barriers to efficient biological conversion that limit the commercial development of cellulosic biofuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were only five commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plants in operation in the USA by the end of 2016, with a total capacity of 61.6 million gallons per year. 13 There are many economic risks in the biofuel supply chain and many technical barriers to efficient biological conversion that limit the commercial development of cellulosic biofuels. The risks in the biofuel supply chain include feedstock availability, collectability, and high capital investment in new technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial agent‐based modeling for dedicated energy crop adoption and cellulosic biofuel commercialization

Jin

Mendis

Sutherland

2019

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dedicated bioenergy crops, such as perennial grass and short rotation trees, qualify as cellulosic biofuel feedstocks to meet the requirements for advanced biofuel according to the expanded Renewable Fuel Standard. The utilization of dedicated energy crops for cellulosic biofuels is still in the early stage, at pilot scale, and the existing cellulosic biorefineries are yet to be commercialized. This study develops an agent‐based model to simulate the spatial diffusion of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) adoption in Indiana cropland from 2015 to 2027 under various biofuel market scenarios. Results indicate that it would be economically viable to produce 1.1 billion gallons (4.2 billion liters) cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass annually in Indiana until 2023, given an average annual farm‐gate price of $123.93 t−1 for the feedstock. This study also finds that the high productivity of switchgrass can increase the adoption rates of farmers and secure a stable feedstock supply. It also reveals that the high equipment costs required for scaling up production capacity and the high variable operating cost of cellulosic biofuel production will inhibit the viability of commercializing cellulosic biofuels with a stable supply of feedstock. Financial incentives for cellulosic biofuel production have a significant impact on promoting the adoption of dedicated energy crops in Indiana. This paper provides useful insights for biorefinery development and policy making to facilitate the commercialization of cellulosic biofuels by explaining the effects of the decisions of farmers on the adoption of dedicated energy crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

2016 Bioenergy Industry Status Report

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Carbohydrate stabilization extends the kinetic limits of chemical polysaccharide depolymerization

Carbohydrate stabilization extends the kinetic limits of chemical polysaccharide depolymerization

Solid residue and by-product yields from acid-catalysed conversion of poplar wood to levulinic acid

Spatial agent‐based modeling for dedicated energy crop adoption and cellulosic biofuel commercialization

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About