2016 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report

Musiał, W.; Beiter, Philipp; Schwabe, Paul; Tian, Tian; Stehly, Tyler; Spitsen, Paul; Robertson, Amy; Gevorgian, Vahan

doi:10.2172/1375395

Cited by 38 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Many offshore wind projects are currently being planned, mostly concentrated along the Eastern Seaboard. The state of Massachusetts plans to procure 1,600 MW of installed offshore wind, representing about 11% of its overall energy needs, by 2027 (Musial et al, ), with beneficial impacts on the state's economy and employment (Massachusetts Clean Energy Center et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence

Bodini

Lundquist

Kirincich

2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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The rapid growth of offshore wind energy requires accurate modeling of the wind resource, which can be depleted by wind farm wakes. Turbulence dissipation rate (ϵ) governs the accuracy of model predictions of hub‐height wind speed and the development and erosion of wakes. Here we assess the variability of turbulence kinetic energy and ϵ using 13 months of observations from a profiling lidar deployed on a platform off the Massachusetts coast. Offshore, ϵ is 2 orders of magnitude smaller than onshore, with a subtle diurnal cycle. Wind direction influences the annual cycle of turbulence, with larger values in winter when the wind flows from the land, and smaller values in summer, when the wind flows from open ocean. Because of the weak turbulence, wind plant wakes will be stronger and persist farther downwind in summer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence

Bodini

Lundquist

Kirincich

2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Fig. 3 shows global offshore wind projects at various water depths and distances from the shore with the project phase colour-coded [38]. The figures show that some projects are being planned for water depths up to 50m.…”

Section: The Current Status Of Wind Turbinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 3: Average water depth vs. distance to shore for global offshore wind projects where the bubble size represents project rated capacity (in MW) [38].…”

Section: Support Structure For Large Wind Turbinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 24MW Groix offshore wind and 24.6MW Elomed Gruissan in France are expected to go commercial in 2020 and 2021 respectively. The Provence Grand Large in Faraman, France is to be deployed in 2020 and will use 8MW Siemens WTs [38]. This indicates an increase in the size of the support structure for modern floating WTs.…”

Section: (Reproduced With Permission)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the economic and technical feasibilities of XL monopiles in deeper water will pose enormous challenges as wave action will increasingly interfere with the dynamics of the turbine structure. XL monopiles can also be commercially unviable due to storage, transportation and installation logistics, although there are fewer transportation and installation constraints for offshore projects than onshore projects [38]. The challenges that the large thickness of these XL monopiles support structures can introduce in the structural integrity assessment are the major motivation for this paper and will be discussed shortly.…”

Section: Offshore Wind Turbines and Size Of Monopilementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Current trend in offshore wind energy sector and material requirements for fatigue resistance improvement in large wind turbine support structures – A review

Igwemezie

Kolios

2019

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

124

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At present, the UK government is driving the survival of the wind energy industry by using interventions that encourage investment in the sector. The use of a Contract for Difference (CfD)/Strike price model by the UK government supports the wind industry and guarantees that wind energy generators have a stable premium over a period of 15 to 20 years; however, this may not last forever. The growth and stability of the wind industry will depend essentially on continued reductions in wind energy cost, even below that of fossil-fuel based energy sources. Huge cost reduction beyond the present strike price of £57.50/MWh for some projects to be delivered in 2022/2023 may be achieved quickly through efficient and optimized turbine support structure. Consequently, the offshore wind industry is currently making enormous efforts to upscale wind turbines (WTs) from 8MW to 9.5MW,10MW and then 12MW HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine). This level of upscaling no doubt creates tough challenges because the mass of the turbine increases linearly with the cube of the rotor radius. Monopiles having diameters larger than 7m have been proposed, with a wall thickness section in the range of 70 to 110mm. It is generally thought that Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process (TMCP) steels are well suited for extra-large (XL-WTs). This paper reviews the present status of WTs and critically assesses the material factors in the structural integrity concerns that may confront the use of XL steel plates in the design of XL-WT support structures.

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Influence of tower shadow on downwind flexible rotors: Field tests and simulations

2021

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As wind turbine rotors become larger, the blades become more flexible, requiring extra stiffness and cost to avoid the risk of tower strike. Wind turbines in a downwind configuration have a reduced risk of tower strike because the rotor thrust acts away from the tower. However, downwind blades pass through the wake of the tower, and the resulting load variation may contribute to blade fatigue. To date, there have been no field tests to quantify this tower shadow effect on unsteady blade moments. The present study reports on the first field testing of a flexible, downwind, coned rotor and compares the experimental data against simulations run in Open-FAST. The tower shadow effect is simulated using the conventional Powles model and a new Eames model (developed herein), which includes the influence of upstream turbulence. Both models reasonably predict the blade root out-of-plane bending moment data and the tower shadow dip magnitude when compared to field test data in Region 3. Tower shadow was found to increase the short-term Damage Equivalent Loads (DELs) by less than 10% compared to other effects (gravity, shear, and turbulence), and the predictions were consistent with experiments. These results indicate that the tower shadow effect can be reasonably modeled with the simpler Powles model and that the tower shadow effect can be small compared to the effect of turbulence. However, long-term fatigue due to tower shadow should be included in detailed structural analysis and design of the rotor and the tower.

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2016 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report

Cited by 38 publications

References 10 publications

U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence

U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence

Current trend in offshore wind energy sector and material requirements for fatigue resistance improvement in large wind turbine support structures – A review

Influence of tower shadow on downwind flexible rotors: Field tests and simulations

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