2021 CDC Update: Treatment and Complications of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Silverberg, Benjamin; Moyers, Amy; Hinkle, Tate; Kessler, Roanna; Russell, Nancy G.

doi:10.3390/venereology1010004

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The major diagnostic tests performed for HSV detection mainly include polymerase chain reaction, type-specific serological essays, viral culture, and antigen detection assays, which differentiate between the two subtypes of HSV [ 21 , 41 ]. The main treatment strategies against genital herpes mainly include antiviral treatments, such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir among other antiviral agents mentioned by WHO guidelines [ 3 , 9 , 22 ]. Most of these treatment regimens require continuous application to reduce the symptoms without permanently dealing with the virus prevalence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various vaccine candidates are in research annals for preclinical and clinical evaluation. Currently, there is no specific FDA-approved vaccine against HSV infection [ 9 ]. The ongoing clinical and preclinical trials are based on the rational understanding of HSV biology and immunopathogenesis in host cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HSV-2 virus is a sexually transmitted infectious agent that is prevalent in approximately 536 million people worldwide, standing at an annual incidence rate of about 23.6 million cases, as per the updates by the CDC [ 9 , 10 ]. The genital area is the prime target of viral infection; however, it may also cause infections similar to HSV-1, including necrotizing stromal keratitis in the eyes, meningitis, encephalitis, and neurological complications [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus

Malik¹,

Sah

Ahsan

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a great concern of the global health community due to its linked infection of inconspicuous nature and resultant serious medical consequences. Seropositive patients may develop ocular disease or genital herpes as characteristic infectious outcomes. Moreover, the infectious nature of HSV is so complex that the available therapeutic options have been modified in certain ways to cure it. However, no permanent and highly effective cure has been discovered. This review generates insights into the available prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against HSV. A methodological research approach is used for study design and data complication. Only the latest data from publications are acquired to shed light on updated therapeutic approaches. These studies indicate that the current antiviral therapeutics can suppress the symptoms and control viral transmission up to a certain level, but cannot eradicate the natural HSV infection and latency outcomes. Most trials that have entered the clinical phase are made part of this review to understand what is new within the field. Some vaccination approaches are also discussed. Moreover, some novel therapeutic options that are currently in research annals are given due consideration for future development. The data can enable the scientific community to direct their efforts to fill the gaps that remain unfilled in terms of therapies for HSV. The need is to integrate scientific efforts to produce a proper cure against HSV to control the virus spread, resistance, and mutation in future disease management.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus

Malik¹,

Sah

Ahsan

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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“…G. vaginalis is a well-defined etiological agent for female genital tract infection; the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, a clinical condition mostly associated with G. vaginalis , is based on well-defined criteria. However, no recommendation exists for treating sexual partners of females with bacterial vaginosis ( 17 ). Nevertheless, Plummer et al showed that concurrent male partner treatment suppresses bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in the female genital tract and facilitates the cure for recurrent bacterial vaginosis ( 18 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gardnerella vaginalis: Is it an Underestimated Cause of Urinary Symptoms in Males?

Kılıç¹,

Beşli²,

Köseoğlu³

et al. 2022

Infect Dis Clin Microbiol

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the detection rate of Gardnerella vaginalis by multiplex PCR test in the genitourinary samples of male patients with suspected urethritis and related symptoms. Materials and Methods:A total of 144 male patients who presented to our department between February 2021 and October 2021, either with urinary symptoms or concerns following unprotected sex, were included in the study. A total of 128 (88.9%) first-void urine samples, 15 (10.4%) urethral swabs, and one (0.7%) semen sample were obtained. NeoPlex STI-14 Detection Multiplex PCR Kit (GeneMatrix Inc. Seongnam, South Korea) was used to investigate any of the following pathogens: Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis, G. vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Haemophilus ducreyi. The patients with positive results for G. vaginalis were retrospectively analyzed. Results:The patients' median age was 37 (range: 21 to 71 years old). G. vaginalis was the most frequently detected microorganism (n=23; 15.9%). Other microorganisms found in order of frequency were U. urealyticum (n=19; 13.2%), U. parvum (n=15; 10.4%), C. trachomatis (n=11; 7.6%), M. genitalium (n=8; 5.6%), HSV-2 (n= 7; 4.9%), N. gonorrhoeae (n=6; 4.2), HSV-1 (n=2; 1.4%), M. hominis (n=1, 0.7%), and C. albicans (n=1, 0.7%). Fifteen patients (65%) were positive for one or two microbial agents together with G. vaginalis, while in eight patients (35%), G. vaginalis was the only isolated agent. Six of these eight patients and 14 of the remaining 15 were symptomatic. Conclusion:With the introduction of multiplex PCR tests, including those for G. vaginalis, we can expect a higher detection rate of these species of bacteria in male genitourinary samples, which could be the cause of unexplained urinary/urethral symptoms.

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“…9 Oral ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasitic used since the 1980s for onchocerciasis control programs 10 that was first approved for scabies in Europe in 2001. European, 11 Japanese, 12 and US CDC-STI 13 guidelines also recommend oral ivermectin as an alternative to permethrin as first-line treatment of classic scabies. The most recent systematic reviews suggested oral ivermectin and topical permethrin to be comparable for clinical cure outcome based on a 2018 Cochrane systematic review with a pairwise meta-analysis (oral ivermectin vs permethrin, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.76, 1.08; 2-week timepoint; 5 RCTs, N = 459; low certainty evidence).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Evaluation of Oral Ivermectin, Alone or in Combination with Permethrin, versus Permethrin, in the Treatment of Classic Scabies in the Philippine Setting

2024

Acta Med Philipp

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Background and Objective. Oral ivermectin is recommended as an alternative to topical permethrin in Japanese, European, and CDC-STI guidelines for treating classic scabies. The combination of oral ivermectin and topical permethrin is also used in some settings. Partial economic evaluations conducted in India and Egypt have conflicting results, and no cost-effectiveness analysis in the Philippines has compared ivermectin-based regimens to permethrin for scabies treatment. We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of oral ivermectin, alone or in combination with permethrin, compared to permethrin, in the treatment of Filipino adult patients with classic scabies.Methods. We used a decision tree model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of two regimens, oral ivermectin alone or in combination with permethrin, compared with permethrin to treat adults and children aged five years and older with classic scabies in the outpatient setting from the household perspective in the Philippines. We estimated total costs and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) over a one-month follow-up. Input parameters were obtained from secondary data, such as effect estimates for probabilities of clinical outcomes from a network meta-analysis, DALYs from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, and prevailing market cost in the Philippines (DPRI 2022 with recommended markup by DOH, and leading drugstores) as of August 2022. We computed for incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and net monetary benefit (NMB) to determine which of the interventions are cost-effective. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and scenario analyses were conducted to assess the impact of parameter and structural uncertainty.

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2021 CDC Update: Treatment and Complications of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Cited by 8 publications

References 78 publications

Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus

Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus

Gardnerella vaginalis: Is it an Underestimated Cause of Urinary Symptoms in Males?

Economic Evaluation of Oral Ivermectin, Alone or in Combination with Permethrin, versus Permethrin, in the Treatment of Classic Scabies in the Philippine Setting

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