21: Chimpanzees in US Zoos, Sanctuaries, and Research Facilities

Boomsmith, Mollie A.; Clay, Andrea W.; Ross, Stephen R.; Lambeth, Susan P.; Lutz, Corrine K.; Breaux, Sarah D.; Pietsch, Rhonda; Fultz, Amy; Lammey, Michael L; Jacobson, Sarah L.; Perlman, Jaine E.

doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226728032.003.0021

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Captive chimpanzees are known to spend increased amounts of time foraging and exploring when substrate or bedding is provided. Many facilities in the United States include this as part of their environmental enhancement and behavioral management plans [ 43 , 58 ]. The forest floor and vegetation of the habitat provides a nearly endless substrate for exploration and foraging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recording behavioral information on species-typical activities in the habitat may also be important to our characterization of the use of space. In another study on space use, behavioral diversity increased with changes in space [ 58 ]. This study did not record such behaviorally diverse activities such as ant fishing, tool caching, hunting, consorts, or patrolling of the habitat, which are all species-typical behaviors that we have observed in the Chimp Haven habitat (first author, personal observations).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, other behaviors such as grooming, nest building, and tool use may also be indicators of positive welfare and flexible adaptation on the part of the chimpanzees [ 43 ]. Recording the presence or absence of abnormal or atypical behaviors while the chimpanzees are in the habitat or have access to it, as well as examining wounding levels, and markers of physical and psychological well-being such as hair loss and body mass, may also contribute to our understanding of the impact of the use of this space on chimpanzee welfare [ 43 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Use Space after Being Introduced to a Large Outdoor Habitat

Fultz

Yanagi

Breaux

et al. 2023

Animals

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Wild chimpanzees live in large, mixed-sex groups that display a fission–fusion social organization. To provide a social environment more like that of wild chimpanzees, Chimp Haven integrated smaller groups of 3–4 individuals into one large group of 18 individuals. This large group was introduced to a 20,234.28 m2 forested habitat and associated indoor areas. This space was designed to allow the individual chimpanzees to choose their proximity to social companions and provide the group with a more natural environment in which they could express more species-typical behavior. The study took place over a 7-month period that began two weeks prior to the first groups being integrated and ended 4 months after the chimpanzees were released into the habitat. We collected data on the chimpanzees’ arboreal, terrestrial, indoor, and outdoor spatial use. The chimpanzees’ proximity to their nearest neighbor was also recorded, noting whether they were touching or within arm’s reach. Data were collected during daytime and nighttime hours and were utilized to make management decisions about potential group formations. We examined the data using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with individual subjects as a random factor and months as a repeated measure for location and proximity results. There were significant differences in the use of arboreal and outside space over the 7-month time frame, with females more likely to use the arboreal space than males. The chimpanzees were more likely to utilize the habitat over time and increased their proximity to group mates. The results of this study indicate that the chimpanzees responded positively to living in large groups in a spacious naturalistic environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Use Space after Being Introduced to a Large Outdoor Habitat

Fultz

Yanagi

Breaux

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…Abnormal behavior is displayed by many species of captive primates across various settings (Berkson et al, 1966; Bloomsmith et al, 2020; Capitanio, 1986; C. Lutz et al, 2003; McGrogan & King, 1982; Nash et al, 1999; Vandeleest et al, 2011; Walsh et al, 1982). Given the aforementioned variation in their etiology and presentation, care should be taken in their interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman primate abnormal behavior: Etiology, assessment, and treatment

Lutz

Coleman

Hopper

et al. 2022

American J Primatol

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Across captive settings, nonhuman primates may develop an array of abnormal behaviors including stereotypic and self-injurious behavior. Abnormal behavior can indicate a state of poor welfare, since it is often associated with a suboptimal environment. However, this may not always be the case as some behaviors can develop independently of any psychological distress, be triggered in environments known to promote welfare, and be part of an animal's coping mechanism. Furthermore, not all animals develop abnormal behavior, which has led researchers to assess risk factors that differentiate individuals in the display of these behaviors. Intrinsic risk factors that have been identified include the animal's species and genetics, age, sex, temperament, and clinical condition, while environmental risk factors include variables such as the animal's rearing, housing condition, husbandry procedures, and research experiences. To identify specific triggers and at-risk animals, the expression of abnormal behavior in captive nonhuman primates should be routinely addressed in a consistent manner by appropriately trained staff. Which behaviors to assess, what assessment methods to use, which primates to monitor, and the aims of data collection should all be identified before proceeding to an intervention and/or treatment. This article provides guidance for this process, by presenting an overview of known triggers and risk factors that should be considered, steps to design a comprehensive evaluation plan, and strategies that might be used for prevention or treatment. It also outlines the tools and processes for assessing and evaluating behavior in an appendix. This process will lead to a better understanding of abnormal behavior in captive primate colonies and ultimately to improved welfare.

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21: Chimpanzees in US Zoos, Sanctuaries, and Research Facilities

Cited by 2 publications

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How Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Use Space after Being Introduced to a Large Outdoor Habitat

How Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Use Space after Being Introduced to a Large Outdoor Habitat

Nonhuman primate abnormal behavior: Etiology, assessment, and treatment

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