210. Studies of phosphates. Part I. Ammonium magnesium phosphate and related compounds

Bassett, Henry; Bedwell, William L.

doi:10.1039/jr9330000854

Cited by 52 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Basically, struvite is an orthophosphate, containing magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate in equal molar concentrations. The general formula of minerals of the struvite group is AMPO 4 $6H 2 O, where 'A' corresponds to potassium (K) or ammonium ion ðNH þ 4 Þ and 'M' corresponds to cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), or nickel (Ni) (Bassett and Bedwell, 1933). Struvite in the form of a magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH 4 PO 4 $6H 2 O) crystallizes as an orthorhombic structure (i.e., straight prisms with a rectangular base) when human urine is treated with magnesium ion (Mg 2þ ).…”

Section: Struvite Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Fan

Wang

et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

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a b s t r a c tWastewater often contains valuable resources (e.g. organic matter and nutrients). Different from conventional sanitation approaches, the ecological sanitation (Eco-San) system is based on the closure of material flow cycles to recover resources with minimized demands on other resources. The review comprehensively summarized the main components of the Eco-San system (user interface, collection and conveyance, storage and primary treatment, and reuse/disposal), the frequently-used evaluation methods, and the framework of evaluation index system. Some typical practical cases were discussed to demonstrate the managerial implications and popularize the applications of the Eco-San system. The results show that the Eco-San systems are beneficial to resource efficiency, agricultural use of the organic matters and nutrients, and energy recovery although some shortages exist (e.g. high cost, cultural constraints, and complex operation and management). The evaluation methods can help to identify the restriction factors, contributing factors and measures to improve the efficiency of the future Eco-San system. The setting, selection and quantification are three critical steps when using the evaluation indices to complete the evaluation process. This study not only provides the methods for both developing novel Eco-San systems (combinations of the components) and improving the Eco-San systems (evaluation of the combinations) to solve the wastewater problem in rural areas. Considering the challenges or limitations in the Eco-San research, the recommendations for future research may mainly focus on the combination of different components, methods for sustainability assessment, quantification of the evaluation index, and implementation of more real Eco-San cases.

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Section: Struvite Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Fan

Wang

et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…4 The series of nickel(II) phosphates MINiPO 4 •H 2 O (M I ＝K, NH 4 ) was reported by Bassett and Bedwell in 1933. 5 Infrared spectroscopic measurements 6 showed that the ammonium compounds contained coordinated water and ammonium ions, instead of having the alternative composition Ni-HPO 4 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Method for Preparing NH₄NiPO₄·6H₂O: Hydrogen Bonding Coacervate Selective Self‐assembly

et al. 2010

Chin. J. Chem.

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The single phase NH 4 NiPO 4 •6H 2 O was synthesized by solid-state reaction at room temperature using NiSO 4 •6H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 •3H 2 O as raw materials. The NH 4 NiPO 4 •6H 2 O and its calcined products were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), Fourier transform IR (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the product dried at 80 ℃ for 3 h was orthorhombic NH 4 NiPO 4 •6H 2 O [space group Pmm2(25)], and surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 can direct growth of crystal NH 4 NiPO 4 •6H 2 O. The thermal process of NH 4 NiPO 4 •6H 2 O experienced three steps, which involve the dehydration of the five crystal water molecules at first, and then deamination, dehydration of the one crystal water, intramolecular dehydration of the protonated phosphate groups together, at last crystallization of Ni 2 P 2 O 7 . The product of thermal decomposition at 150 ℃ for 2 h, orthorhombic NH 4 NiPO 4 •H 2 O, is layered compound with an interlayer distance of 0.8370 nm.

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“…Anhydrous carbonates of divalent metals are abundant as minerals with either calcite (rhombohedral) or aragonite (orthorhombic) structure, whereas no such copper carbonate mineral is known, the most abundant ones being malachite and azurite, both of which contain hydroxide in addition to carbonate. Finally, as already demonstrated by Bassett and Bedwell [1], the copper phosphates usually fall in a class of their own.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Crystal growth kinetics of copper phosphate from acid solution at 37°C

Madsen¹

2005

Journal of Crystal Growth

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210. Studies of phosphates. Part I. Ammonium magnesium phosphate and related compounds

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Novel Method for Preparing NH₄NiPO₄·6H₂O: Hydrogen Bonding Coacervate Selective Self‐assembly

Crystal growth kinetics of copper phosphate from acid solution at 37°C

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210. Studies of phosphates. Part I. Ammonium magnesium phosphate and related compounds

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Novel Method for Preparing NH4NiPO4·6H2O: Hydrogen Bonding Coacervate Selective Self‐assembly

Crystal growth kinetics of copper phosphate from acid solution at 37°C

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Novel Method for Preparing NH₄NiPO₄·6H₂O: Hydrogen Bonding Coacervate Selective Self‐assembly