Three-dimensional (3D) organic–inorganic lead
halide perovskites
have emerged in the past few years as a promising material for low-cost,
high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Spurred by this recent interest,
several subclasses of halide perovskites such as two-dimensional (2D)
halide perovskites have begun to play a significant role in advancing
the fundamental understanding of the structural, chemical, and physical
properties of halide perovskites, which are technologically relevant.
While the chemistry of these 2D materials is similar to that of the
3D halide perovskites, their layered structure with a hybrid organic–inorganic
interface induces new emergent properties that can significantly or
sometimes subtly be important. Synergistic properties can be realized
in systems that combine different materials exhibiting different dimensionalities
by exploiting their intrinsic compatibility. In many cases, the weaknesses
of each material can be alleviated in heteroarchitectures. For example,
3D-2D halide perovskites can demonstrate novel behavior that neither
material would be capable of separately. This review describes how
the structural differences between 3D halide perovskites and 2D halide
perovskites give rise to their disparate materials properties, discusses
strategies for realizing mixed-dimensional systems of various architectures
through solution-processing techniques, and presents a comprehensive
outlook for the use of 3D-2D systems in solar cells. Finally, we investigate
applications of 3D-2D systems beyond photovoltaics and offer our perspective
on mixed-dimensional perovskite systems as semiconductor materials
with unrivaled tunability, efficiency, and technologically relevant
durability.