2D and 3D Imaging of Li-Ion Battery Materials Using Synchrotron Radiation Sources

Operando probing of Li-insertion into LiMn2O4cathodes by spectroscopic ellipsometry

“…For this reason, a lot of effort has been dedicated in the last decade for developing novel techniques to obtain new insights into interface phenomena in operando and therefore, into their direct correlation with electrochemical performances. [9][10][11][12][13] Despite these efforts, some of the most powerful techniques, such as isotopic ion exchange methods, 14 in situ TEM 14 and the collection of synchrotron radiation based techniques, 10,11,[15][16][17][18][19][20] are highly sophisticated limiting the straightforward access to essential information for developing highly performing batteries. In addition, a number of commonly available techniques have also been explored including X-ray diffraction, [21][22][23] atomic force microscopy (AFM), 5,24 Raman spectroscopy [25][26][27] and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 28,29 showing different advantages and limitations regarding spatial and time resolutions.…”