“…With different defect types, numbers, and locations, materials can be endowed with many different properties that are useful in electricity, optics, and chemistry. [152][153][154] Thus, defective materials can be extensively applied in various fields, including optoelectronic devices, catalysis, sensors, energy storage, and conversion devices. Electrocatalysts with defects have been applied in the ORR, OER, HER, CO 2 RR, and MOR.…”