2D Material‐Based Wearable Energy Harvesting Textiles: A Review

Abstract

Wearable electronic textiles (e‐textiles) have emerged as a transformative technology revolutionizing healthcare monitoring and communication by seamlessly integrating with the human body. However, their practical application has been limited by the lack of compatible and sustainable power sources. Various energy sources, including solar, thermal, mechanical, and wind, have been explored for harvesting, leading to diverse energy harvesting technologies, such as photovoltaic, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric systems. Notably, 2D materials have gained significant attention as attractive candidates for energy harvesting and storage in e‐textiles due to their unique properties, such as high surface‐to‐volume ratio, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity. Textile‐based energy harvesters employing 2D materials offer promising solutions for powering next‐generation smart and wearable devices integrated into clothing. This comprehensive review explores the utilization of 2D materials in textile‐based energy harvesters, covering their preparation, fabrication, and characterization strategies. Recent advancements are highlighted, focusing on the integration of 2D materials and their practical implementations, shedding light on the performance and effectiveness of 2D‐material‐based energy harvesters in e‐textiles, and highlighting their potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional power supplies in wearable technologies.

Advances in Smart Photovoltaic Textiles

“…Other materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus (BP), phosphorene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and MXene, have been employed in various functions within SCs due to their functionalization and bandgap re-engineering capabilities . These materials have been utilized as absorber layers, charge transport layers, blocking layers, surface passivators, heterojunction components, catalysts, and as electrodes.…”

“…There are different types of modern techniques developed to harvest ambient renewable energy, including triboelectricnanogenerators, piezoelectric nanogenerators, and magnetoelastic generators for mechanical energy conversion, pyroelectric generators (PEG) and thermoelectric generators (TEG) for harvesting ambient thermal energy . , Especially, these modern mechanical energy harvesting techniques are increasingly gaining popularity due to their ability to harvest a variety of energy forms from the environment including human motions (walking, breathing, heartbeat pulse, etc. ), vibration, flowing water, raindrops, wind, and waste heat. − …”

“…Other materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus (BP), phosphorene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and MXene, have been employed in various functions within SCs due to their functionalization and bandgap re-engineering capabilities. 50 These materials have been utilized as absorber layers, charge transport layers, blocking layers, surface passivators, heterojunction components, catalysts, and as electrodes. Among these materials MXene have been extensively employed for a wide range of applications, including energy harvesting, energy storage, photonics, advanced sensors, and healthcare devices; a general crystal structure is shown in Figure 10 b.…”

One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalised rGO/AgNPs Hybrids as Pigments for Highly Conductive Printing Inks

“…Indeed, conductive inks are widely used for the fabrication of a broad range of devices for specialized applications, from sensors, integrated circuits, wearable electronics, radiofrequency identification tags, to energy harvesting/storage systems [9,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. For example, Barmpakos et al [9,10] showed that commercial graphene and f -rGO [6] can perfectly act as temperature sensors as well as heaters with a stable response and durability to thermal stressing for ink-jet printed devices.…”

Textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerators integrated with 2D materials

“…Wearable electronic textiles (e‐textiles) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have encouraged extraordinary developments, stimulating advances in biosensors, smart wearable systems, and cutting‐edge solutions for healthcare and portable electronics 1–3 . The rise in the number of sensors in e‐textile devices promptly correlates with an increase in power demand.…”