2D materials for organic and perovskite photovoltaics

Recent Advances in Organic and Inorganic Hole and Electron Transport Layers for Organic Solar Cells: Basic Concept and Device Performance

“…One of the most extensively used HTL for OPV is the conductive conjugated polymer PEDOT:PSS however due to its acidic and hygroscopic, it may degrade frequently used TCO materials like ITO, as well as metal electrodes. , To address these difficulties, Various materials have been thoroughly investigated as changeable or alternative materials for various HTL for OSC, such as transition metal oxides (V 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , WO 3 , NiO, etc. ), graphene have been investigated. − Apart from it, 2D layered materials beyond graphene, also have been shown to be excellent options for improving the performance of OSCs due to their superior mechanical, optoelectronic, and physical capabilities, along with their environmental stability (water, oxygen, and irradiation), scalability, and device structural stability. ,, Despite significant progress in the research of several developing 2D materials for OSCs, there are still certain critical barriers to overcome. Different class of 2D layer materials like Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, hexagonal boron nitrides, black phosphorus (BP) etc., have made significant progress in the use of OSCs in recent years. ,,− The integration of appropriate 2D materials with interface layer of OSCs can improve not only light absorption and scattering in the devices but also charge transport and inhibit carrier recombination, resulting in a rise in PCE with enhancement in FF and J SC . ,,,, Furthermore, for fast development of tandem, flexible transparent, and ternary OSCs, the suitable 2D materials were used to replace the unstable PEDOT:PSS layer or evaporated transport layer, therefore enhancing the stability of the OSCs and simplifying the manufacturing process .…”

“…142−146 Apart from it, 2D layered materials beyond graphene, also have been shown to be excellent options for improving the performance of OSCs due to their superior mechanical, optoelectronic, and physical capabilities, along with their environmental stability (water, oxygen, and irradiation), scalability, and device structural stability. 40,147,148 Despite significant progress in the research of several developing 2D materials for OSCs, there are still certain critical barriers to overcome. Different class of 2D layer materials like Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, hexagonal boron nitrides, black phosphorus (BP) etc., have made significant progress in the use of OSCs in recent years.…”

“…152,160,167−170 The integration of appropriate 2D materials with interface layer of OSCs can improve not only light absorption and scattering in the devices but also charge transport and inhibit carrier recombination, resulting in a rise in PCE with enhancement in FF and J SC . 147,148,152,160,167 Furthermore, for fast development of tandem, flexible transparent, and ternary OSCs, the suitable 2D materials were used to replace the unstable PEDOT:PSS layer or evaporated transport layer, therefore enhancing the stability of the OSCs and simplifying the manufacturing process. 148 The following sections will address recent research on developing 2D layered materials in HTL in OSC, and the device performance of such devices are summarized in 156 The homogeneity and conductivity of WS 2 layers deposited on ITO without plasma treatment are more significant than ITO after plasma treatment.…”

“…147,148,152,160,167 Furthermore, for fast development of tandem, flexible transparent, and ternary OSCs, the suitable 2D materials were used to replace the unstable PEDOT:PSS layer or evaporated transport layer, therefore enhancing the stability of the OSCs and simplifying the manufacturing process. 148 The following sections will address recent research on developing 2D layered materials in HTL in OSC, and the device performance of such devices are summarized in 156 The homogeneity and conductivity of WS 2 layers deposited on ITO without plasma treatment are more significant than ITO after plasma treatment. The PCE of PM6:Y6 (15.75%) devices employing optimized WS 2 layer is greater than that of PEDOT:PSS (15.31%) based devices with a considerable increase in the J SC .…”

Nonfused Dimethoxybenzene Electron Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells: From Molecular Design to Structure–Performance Relationship

“…The simple structure of OSCs is composed of a transparent bottom electrode, top metal electrode, active layer mixture, etc. The heterostructures of the active layer consist of p -type conjugated polymers or small molecules as electron donors and n -type fullerene or non-fullerene molecules as acceptors . Generally, the photoelectron process can be divided into three steps , (a) the active layer is excited by light to produce excitons; (b) the excitons diffuse to the interface and dissociate into free electrons and holes; thereby, this process corresponds to electron transfer from the donor fragment to the acceptor fragment; (c) the charges move to the corresponding electrode.…”