2D Materials in Development of Electrochemical Point-of-Care Cancer Screening Devices

Abstract

Effective cancer treatment requires early detection and monitoring the development progress in a simple and affordable manner. Point-of care (POC) screening can provide a portable and inexpensive tool for the end-users to conveniently operate test and screen their health conditions without the necessity of special skills. Electrochemical methods hold great potential for clinical analysis of variety of chemicals and substances as well as cancer biomarkers due to their low cost, high sensitivity, multiplex detection ability, and miniaturization aptitude. Advances in two-dimensional (2D) material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors are accelerating the performance of conventional devices toward more practical approaches. Here, recent trends in the development of 2D material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors, as the next generation of POC cancer screening tools, are summarized. Three cancer biomarker categories, including proteins, nucleic acids, and some small molecules, will be considered. Various 2D materials will be introduced and their biomedical applications and electrochemical properties will be given. The role of 2D materials in improving the performance of electrochemical sensing mechanisms as well as the pros and cons of current sensors as the prospective devices for POC screening will be emphasized. Finally, the future scopes of implementing 2D materials in electrochemical POC cancer diagnostics for the clinical translation will be discussed.

Magnetic Particles: Their Applications from Sample Preparations to Biosensing Platforms

“…Electrochemical biosensing techniques require the understanding of the electrical properties of the detection method, such as its potential, current, capacitance, and impedance, to measure the electric current generated by the oxidation and reduction reactions of analytical targets. They are directly proportional to the concentrations of analyte in complex biological samples [80][81][82]. We can categorize the system of the electrochemical detection in biological samples into four techniques: potentiometric, conductometric, amperometric, and impedance biosensing devices (see Table 3).…”

Emerging Designs of Electronic Devices in Biomedicine

“…In cancer, the next generation of POC will probably be represented by 2-D material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors [106] such as electrochemical apparatus [107], lateral flow assays (LFAs) [108], or paper-based colorimetric solutions [109]. The main biomarkers relevant in this field are nucleic acids such as mRNA and DNA; proteins such as antigens, enzymes, and peptides; some small molecules such as the reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen; and, notably, the protonation state [83].…”

Electrochemical Investigation of Interfacial Properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene Modified by Aryldiazonium Betaine Derivatives

“…Several breakthroughs in MXene synthesis and MXene-nanocomposite preparation resulted in various elemental compositions and surface functional tunabilities (Khazaei et al, 2019). During the last few years, MXenes have played an ever important role in terms of both crystalline and composition varieties for catalysis (Zhang et al, 2018;Benchakar et al, 2019;Li and Wu, 2019;Sun et al, 2019), environmental applications (Rasool et al, 2019), development of Li batteries (Ostadhossein et al, 2019;, and (bio)sensors (Kalambate et al, 2019;Lorencova et al, 2019;Mohammadniaei et al, 2019;Wu Q. et al, 2019;Gajdosova et al, 2020;Szuplewska et al, 2020).…”