“…Due to their special properties such as cost-effective fabrication procedure, good chemical stability, eco-friendliness, high theoretical specific capacity, and abundant availability, transition metal oxides (TMOs) including Fe 2 O 3 , Co 3 O 4 , NiO and CuO have at-tracted considerable attention for use in various applications, including solar cells, photocatalysts, electrode materials, and gas sensors [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, TMOs have some drawbacks such as low conductivity, pulverization, and aggregation caused by large volume expansion [18][19][20].…”