2D vs 3D, implications on spatial memory

Tavanti, Monica; Lind, Mats

doi:10.1109/infvis.2001.963291

Cited by 95 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…That is, the heavy use of the many 3D virtual worlds and Internet games suggests that there may be more users of 3D groupware than of 2D groupware image and text editors. In spite of this, we are aware that the issue of 3D vs 2D interfaces is in active debate in the research community [3,4,5,15,18,19]. For instance, studies exist that indicate spatial advantages when using 3D projections with motion or stereo [19].…”

Section: D Groupware Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring visual feedback of change conflict in a distributed 3D environment

Hancock

Miller

Greenberg

et al. 2006

Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces - AVI '06

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Teams that are geographically distributed often share information both in real-time and asynchronously. When such sharing is through groupware, change conflicts can arise when people pursue parallel and competing actions on the same information. This leads to problems in how the systems and its users maintain a consistent view of shared information across distance and time. We explore change awareness of conflicts in a three-dimensional distributed shared space. Our user study compares the use of visual feedback to an optimistic concurrency control strategy for both synchronous and asynchronous distributed groupware. Our feedback provides a means for synchronous users to recognize and resolve real-time changes, and for asynchronous users to view and resolve changes when switching from an offline to online mode of work. Results of our study suggest that the visual feedback serves as a useful feedthrough mechanism in the synchronous case, but that asynchronous users may be overwhelmed by the quantity of changes if they come online after many changes have been made.

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Section: D Groupware Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring visual feedback of change conflict in a distributed 3D environment

Hancock

Miller

Greenberg

et al. 2006

Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces - AVI '06

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“…Their studies with the Data Mountain provide a variety of insights into the power and robustness of spatial memory, and they conclude that "3D visualization techniques such as those described in this paper can lead to improved user memory" (Czerwinski et al 1999). Tavanti and Lind (2001) compared the effectiveness of spatial memory in computer generated 2D and 3D displays. They found that spatial memory was much better in the 3D condition, and like Czerwinski et al, they conclude that "a realistic 3D display better supports a specific spatial memory task, namely learning the place of an object".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating spatial memory in two and three dimensions

Cockburn

McKenzie

2004

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

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Prior research has shown that the efficient use of graphical user interfaces is strongly dependent on human capabilities for spatial cognition. One facet of spatial cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately recall and access the location of objects in a spatial arrangement. This paper describes a series of experiments aimed at determining whether three-dimensional user interfaces better support spatial memory than their more traditional two-dimensional counterparts. The experiments are conducted using both computer-supported systems and physical models that vary the depth and perspective cues in spatial arrangements of interface items. The physical models were used to escape some of the dimensional ambiguities that are hard to control using computer displays. Results strongly suggest that adding a third dimension to computer displays does not aid users' spatial memory. Although there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of spatial memory when using two-and three-dimensional computer interfaces, participants' memory for the location of cards representing web-pages was reliably better when using a two-dimensional physical model than when using an equivalent three-dimensional physical model. AbstractPrior research has shown that the efficient use of graphical user interfaces is strongly dependent on human capabilities for spatial cognition. One facet of spatial cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately recall and access the location of objects in a spatial arrangement. This paper describes a series of experiments aimed at determining whether three-dimensional user interfaces better support spatial memory than their more traditional two-dimensional counterparts. The experiments are conducted using both computer-supported systems and physical models that vary the depth and perspective cues in spatial arrangements of interface items. The physical models were used to escape some of the dimensional ambiguities that are hard to control using computer displays. Results strongly suggest that adding a third dimension to computer displays does not aid users' spatial memory. Although there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of spatial memory when using two-and three-dimensional computer interfaces, participants' memory for the location of cards representing web-pages was reliably better when using a two-dimensional physical model than when using an equivalent three-dimensional physical model.

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“…Tavanti and Lind [20] found that merely adding 3D depth cues, such as shading and perspective, to an otherwise 2D scheme can improve memory performance.…”

Section: Background Of the 3d Authentication Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging 3D Benefits for Authentication

Gurary¹,

Zhu²,

Fu³

2017

IJCNS

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Devices with 3D capabilities are quickly gaining in popularity. In this paper, we propose to bring authentication into the third dimension. We define the concept of a 3D authentication scheme based on physical and psychological advantages of 3D. We implement an example of 3D authentication: 3DPass, to demonstrate the superiority of the 3D approach. Our security analysis of 3DPass demonstrates that 3DPass can exceed the password space of an 8 character alphanumeric password with just 6 choices. Our user study finds that 3DPass has superior memorability versus traditional alphanumeric passwords: 98% vs 83% recall rates after one week. We find that passwords in our scheme can be entered in 21 seconds on average when used with the Oculus Rift. We find that using the Oculus Rift improves entry time compared to a traditional 2D display, despite having no impact on presence (the feeling of "being there") or user preference.

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2D vs 3D, implications on spatial memory

Cited by 95 publications

References 6 publications

Exploring visual feedback of change conflict in a distributed 3D environment

Exploring visual feedback of change conflict in a distributed 3D environment

Evaluating spatial memory in two and three dimensions

Leveraging 3D Benefits for Authentication

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