3-D Target Localization Based on Bi-static Range Measurements in Widely Separated MIMO Radars

A robust lp‐norm localization of moving targets in distributed multiple‐input multiple‐output radar with measurement outliers

“…where θ j , φ j , r i, j , and _ r i; j represent the noisy azimuth, elevation, BR, and BRR measurements, respectively; Δθ j , Δφ j , Δr i, j , and Δ _ r i; j indicate the azimuth, elevation, BR, and BRR measurement noises, respectively. The measured values, actual values, and measurement noises in Equations (9)(10)(11)(12) with respect to the N r azimuths, N r elevations, N t N r BRs, and N t N r BRRs can be expressed in the following vector form:…”

“…The intersection of the curves/surfaces is considered to estimate the target location parameters. Existing studies primarily focus on target localisation based on only one or two types of measurements [4–24]. TD‐based localization in refs.…”

“…TD-based localization in refs. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] employs the TD between the transmitter's signal arriving at the receiver and its duplicate version reflected by the target to construct localisation equations, from which the target position can be estimated. AOA-based localisation in refs.…”