3 Dietary caloric normalization or restriction as preconception care strategies: Impact on metabolic health and fertility in high fat-induced obese outbred mice

Abstract

Maternal metabolic disorders such as obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to decreased oocyte and embryo quality and thus reproductive failure. Overweight and obese patients are advised to lose weight before conception to increase the chance of a healthy pregnancy. Human studies show conflicting results and are often underpowered, leading to a lack of scientifically substantiated advice. Furthermore, the effects of significant weight loss, due to caloric restriction, on oocyte quality are not known. Therefore, we aimed to feed a normal control or low-calorie diet as a preconception care strategy in high-fat-fed obese Swiss mice to improve their metabolic health and oocyte quality. Five-week-old female outbred Swiss mice (as a model for human physiology) were fed a control (CTRL; 10% fat) or a high-fat (HF; 60% fat) diet for seven weeks. Afterward, HF mice were switched to different preconception care interventions (PCCI) for six weeks, resulting in four treatment groups: (1) control diet for 13 weeks (CTRL_CTRL), (2) high fat diet for 13 weeks (HF_HF), (3) switch from a HF to an ad libitum CTRL diet (HF_CTRL), and (4) switch to a 30% caloric restriction diet (HF_CR). Change in bodyweight (twice a week, n=156 mice), metabolic health (glucose and insulin tolerance tests; n=32 mice), oocyte quality and pregnancy rates (n=32 mice) were studied. To assess oocyte quality, mature oocytes were collected after hormonal stimulation (10IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin followed by 10IU human chorionic gonadotrophin 48h later, IP injected) to evaluate oocyte lipid content (Bodipy staining; 11-12 oocytes/group) and to examine mitochondrial ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy (4-5 oocytes/group). All data were analysed using analysis of variance and Bonferroni corrected. In comparison with the CTRL group, HF diet increased bodyweight after seven weeks (40.01±0.54g vs. 32.01±0.47 g; P<0.05). After 2 weeks of PCCI, both HF_CTRL and HF_CR mice had lost weight, reaching similar weights as control mice. Overall, the deteriorated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the HF_HF group were normalized to levels similar to the CTRL_CTRL group in both PCCI. Transmission electron microscopy of HF_HF oocytes showed higher proportions of mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities, e.g. low electron density and rose petal appearance (Boudoures et al. 2016 Reproduction 151(3):261-270) compared with CTRL_CTRL (54.70% vs. 30.52%; P<0.05). After six weeks of PCCI, the proportions of mitochondrial abnormalities were partially reduced in both HF_CTRL (39.64%) and HF_CR (44.47%) groups. The HF_HF diet increased the intracellular lipid content in oocytes with 84.41% compared with the CTRL_CTRL group (P<0.05). However, both PCCI strategies failed to alleviate this effect. The HF_HF-fed mice displayed lower pregnancy rates compared with those on the CTRL_CTRL diet (12.5% vs. 100%; P<0.05). Pregnancy rates were completely restored in the HF_CTRL and HF_CR group. In conclusion, both PCCI improved metabolic health (reduced weight, restored glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity), partially improved oocyte quality, and restored pregnancy rates in HF-induced obese mice.

Maternal metabolic health and fertility: we should not only care about but also for the oocyte!

“…This has also been shown in human studies and bovine in vitro models. The following changes in mitochondrial functions have been reported: altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (Igosheva et al 2010;Wu et al 2010;Marei et al 2017); altered mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers (Santos et al 2006;Luzzo et al 2012;Marei et al 2020); mtDNA mutations (Larsson 2010); morphological abnormalities such as ruptured membranes, fewer cristae, disarray of cristae, swelling, decreased electron density and increased vacuolisation (Luzzo et al 2012;Marei et al 2020;Smits et al 2020b); increased mitochondrial biogenesis (Larsson 2010;Luzzo et al 2012;Boudoures et al 2017) and deficient β-oxidation (Reynolds et al 2015;Boudoures et al 2016;Hou et al 2016).…”