“…Unlike foundations placed on land, the foundations of offshore wind farms are exposed to harsh environmental conditions characterized by the marine environment, and the structure also must be stable on a continuously moving seabed (Zhang et al, 2012;Ye and Wang, 2015). Despite these challenges, the monopile foundation is the most popular concept of foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) due to its advantages such as its simplicity, prone and sensitivity to scour, applicability in soft and stiff soil, and convenience to construct (Hammar, Andersson and Rosenberg, 2010;Asumadu et al, 2019). However, placing a structure in the marine environment causes gradients in the ow pattern and results in the removal of sediment near the foundation, preferably referred to as scour which threatens the stability of the foundation and structure (Sutherland and Whitehouse, 1998;Whitehouse, 2004;Jeng et al, 2005; Petrini et al 2010; Whitehouse, et al 2011;Zhang, et al, 2017).…”