$$^3$$He Universe 2020

Volovik, G. E.

doi:10.1007/s10909-020-02538-8

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Of crucial importance for the spectrum of generated gravitational waves are the lifetime of the metastable phase and the propagation speed of the expanding phase boundary during the transition [5,6]. The simplest model, the homogeneous nucleation via thermal fluctuations by Cahn and Hilliard [7] and Langer [8], predicts a lifetime of the metastable supercooled 3 He-A longer than the age of the Universe under relevant experimental conditions [9,10]. The required large critical radius of the B-phase bubble (R c = 2σ AB /∆F AB ∼ 1 µm), at which the gain in bulk free energy density ∆F AB overcomes the surface tension σ AB and leads to an expanding bubble, is the underlying reason for this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanofluidic platform for studying the first-order phase transitions in superfluid helium-3

Heikkinen,

Eng,

Levitin

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The symmetry-breaking first-order phase transition between superfluid phases 3 He-A and 3 He-B can be triggered extrinsically by ionising radiation or heterogeneous nucleation arising from the details of the sample cell construction. However, the role of potential homogeneous intrinsic nucleation mechanisms remains elusive. Discovering and resolving the intrinsic processes may have cosmological consequences, since an analogous first-order phase transition, and the production of gravitational waves, has been predicted for the very early stages of the expanding Universe in many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. Here we introduce a new approach for probing the phase transition in superfluid 3 He. The setup consists of a novel stepped-height nanofluidic sample container with close to atomically smooth walls. The 3 He is confined in five tiny nanofabricated volumes and assayed non-invasively by NMR. Tuning of the state of 3 He by confinement is used to isolate each of these five volumes so that the phase transitions in them can occur independently and free from any obvious sources of heterogeneous nucleation. The small volumes also ensure that the transitions triggered by ionising radiation are strongly suppressed. Here we present the preliminary measurements using this setup, showing both strong supercooling of 3 He-A and superheating of 3 He-B, with stochastic processes dominating the phase transitions between the two. The objective is to study the nucleation as a function of temperature and pressure over the full phase diagram, to both better test the proposed extrinsic mechanisms and seek potential parallel intrinsic mechanisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimentally the phase transition between the A and B phases, usually from supercooled 3 He-A into 3 He-B, is routinely observed. This has led to proposals and studies of various heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofluidic platform for studying the first-order phase transitions in superfluid helium-3

Heikkinen,

Eng,

Levitin

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…There is an ongoing search for a crystalline topological superconductor [13][14][15][16][17][18] and YbRh 2 Si 2 [19] is a candidate material that requires temperatures below a few mK. When cooling below 2.5 mK 3 He provides a benchmark for topological superconductivity, displaying a wealth of phenomena in the surface and edge states that arise from bulk-surface correspondence [20][21][22][23]. Strongly correlated electron systems exhibit quantum criticality [24][25][26], which is essentially a T = 0 phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High performance cryogen-free microkelvin platform

Nyéki¹,

Lucas²,

Knappová³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Topological superfluid phases of liquid 3 He provide many connections with the Standard Model of particle physics and gravity [1,2]. Here, we consider the symmetries and degeneracy of the Minkowski vacuum from the point of view of the symmetry breaking in the B-phase of superfluid 3 He [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Lorentz Symmetry: Lessons from Superfluid $$^3$$He

Volovik

2021

J Low Temp Phys

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We consider the possibility of the scenario in which the P, T and Lorentz symmetry of the relativistic quantum vacuum are all the combined symmetries. These symmetries emerge as a result of the symmetry breaking of the more fundamental P, T and Lorentz symmetries of the original vacuum, which is invariant under separate groups of the coordinate transformations and spin rotations. The condensed matter vacua (ground states) suggest two possible scenarios of the origin of the combined Lorentz symmetry, and both are realized in the superfluid phases of liquid $$^3$$ 3 He: the $$^3$$ 3 He-A scenario and the $$^3$$ 3 He-B scenario. In these scenarios, the gravitational tetrads are considered as the order parameter of the symmetry breaking in the quantum vacuum. The $$^3$$ 3 He-B scenarios applied to the Minkowski vacuum lead to the continuous degeneracy of the Minkowski vacuum with respect to the O(3, 1) spin rotations. The symmetry breaking leads to the corresponding topological objects, which appear due to the nontrivial topology of the manifold of the degenerate Minkowski vacua, such as torsion strings. The fourfold degeneracy of the Minkowski vacuum with respect to discrete P and T symmetries suggests that the Weyl fermions are described by four different tetrad fields: the tetrad for the left-handed fermions, the tetrad for the right-handed fermions, and the tetrads for their antiparticles. This may lead to the gravity with several metric fields, so that the parity violation may lead to the breaking of equivalence principle. Finally, we considered the application of the gravitational tetrads for the solution of the cosmological constant problem.

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$$^3$$He Universe 2020

Abstract: The latest news from $$^3$$ 3 He Universe are presented together with the extended map of the Universe.

Cited by 16 publications

References 117 publications

Nanofluidic platform for studying the first-order phase transitions in superfluid helium-3

Nanofluidic platform for studying the first-order phase transitions in superfluid helium-3

High performance cryogen-free microkelvin platform

Combined Lorentz Symmetry: Lessons from Superfluid $$^3$$He

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