3-NOP: Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment

Thiel, Anette; Schoenmakers, Ankie; Verbaan, I.A.J.; Chenal, Elodie; Etheve, Stéphane; Beilstein, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.010

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Research has found that 3-NOP is metabolised rapidly, and does not accumulate in the mammal's bloodstream ( Thiel et al., 2019 ). Moreover, 3-NOP and its metabolites were not found to have mutagenic or genotoxic potential ( Thiel et al., 2019b ). Thus, 3-NOP does not seem to represent a food security threat or risk to animal health.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis quantifying the potential of dietary additives and rumen modifiers for methane mitigation in ruminant production systems

2021

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Increasingly countries are seeking to reduce emission of greenhouse gases from the agricultural industries, and livestock production in particular, as part of their climate change management. While many reviews update progress in mitigation research, a quantitative assessment of the efficacy and performance-consequences of nutritional strategies to mitigate enteric methane (CH 4 ) emissions from ruminants has been lacking. A meta-analysis was conducted based on 108 refereed papers from recent animal studies (2000–2020) to report effects on CH 4 production, CH 4 yield and CH 4 emission intensity from 8 dietary interventions. The interventions (oils, microalgae, nitrate, ionophores, protozoal control, phytochemicals, essential oils and 3-nitrooxypropanol). Of these, macroalgae and 3-nitrooxypropanol showed greatest efficacy in reducing CH 4 yield (g CH 4 /kg of dry matter intake) at the doses trialled. The confidence intervals derived for the mitigation efficacies could be applied to estimate the potential to reduce national livestock emissions through the implementation of these dietary interventions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis quantifying the potential of dietary additives and rumen modifiers for methane mitigation in ruminant production systems

2021

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“…the nickel containing co-factor F430 of the reductase has to be in Ni(I) state for it to be active; Duin et al, 2016). The effective dose of 3-NOP is relatively low (1-2 g/day), has high specificity towards methanogens, is degraded in the rumen to very low concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and 1,3-propanediol, residues in milk and meat are minute or non-existent and the safety risks of 3-NOP are reportedly low (Thiel et al, 2019a and2019b), although it waits to be seen whether the compound is approved by the regulatory authorities. Thus, 3-NOP has tremendous potential for CH 4 mitigation if commercially available, but product cost and consumer acceptance will factor into the acceptance of such a compound.…”

Section: Rumen Fermentation and Microbiome Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation

Beauchemin

Ungerfeld

Eckard

et al. 2020

Animal

371

241

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Meat and milk from ruminants provide an important source of protein and other nutrients for human consumption. Although ruminants have a unique advantage of being able to consume forages and graze lands not suitable for arable cropping, 2% to 12% of the gross energy consumed is converted to enteric CH4 during ruminal digestion, which contributes approximately 6% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, ruminant producers need to find cost-effective ways to reduce emissions while meeting consumer demand for food. This paper provides a critical review of the substantial amount of ruminant CH4-related research published in past decades, highlighting hydrogen flow in the rumen, the microbiome associated with methanogenesis, current and future prospects for CH4 mitigation and insights into future challenges for science, governments, farmers and associated industries. Methane emission intensity, measured as emissions per unit of meat and milk, has continuously declined over the past decades due to improvements in production efficiency and animal performance, and this trend is expected to continue. However, continued decline in emission intensity will likely be insufficient to offset the rising emissions from increasing demand for animal protein. Thus, decreases in both emission intensity (g CH4/animal product) and absolute emissions (g CH4/day) are needed if the ruminant industries continue to grow. Providing producers with cost-effective options for decreasing CH4 emissions is therefore imperative, yet few cost-effective approaches are currently available. Future abatement may be achieved through animal genetics, vaccine development, early life programming, diet formulation, use of alternative hydrogen sinks, chemical inhibitors and fermentation modifiers. Individually, these strategies are expected to have moderate effects (<20% decrease), with the exception of the experimental inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol for which decreases in CH4 have consistently been greater (20% to 40% decrease). Therefore, it will be necessary to combine strategies to attain the sizable reduction in CH4 needed, but further research is required to determine whether combining anti-methanogenic strategies will have consistent additive effects. It is also not clear whether a decrease in CH4 production leads to consistent improved animal performance, information that will be necessary for adoption by producers. Major constraints for decreasing global enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants are continued expansion of the industry, the cost of mitigation, the difficulty of applying mitigation strategies to grazing ruminants, the inconsistent effects on animal performance and the paucity of information on animal health, reproduction, product quality, cost-benefit, safety and consumer acceptance.

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“…Residues in milk and meat are minute or non-existent and the safety risks of 3-NOP are seemingly low [ 24 , 27 ]. It is reported that 3-NOP and its metabolites pose no mutagenic and genotoxic potential [ 27 ].…”

Section: 3-nitrooxypropanol Mode Of Action and Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of 3-Nitrooxypropanol for Enteric Methane Mitigation from Ruminant Livestock

Beauchemin

Dong

2021

Animals

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Methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation accounts for 3 to 5% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. Cost-effective strategies are needed to reduce feed energy losses as enteric CH4 while improving ruminant production efficiency. Mitigation strategies need to be environmentally friendly, easily adopted by producers and accepted by consumers. However, few sustainable CH4 mitigation approaches are available. Recent studies show that the chemically synthesized CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol is one of the most effective approaches for enteric CH4 abatement. 3-nitrooxypropanol specifically targets the methyl-coenzyme M reductase and inhibits the final catalytic step in methanogenesis in rumen archaea. Providing 3-nitrooxypropanol to dairy and beef cattle in research studies has consistently decreased enteric CH4 production by 30% on average, with reductions as high as 82% in some cases. Efficacy is positively related to 3-NOP dose and negatively affected by neutral detergent fiber concentration of the diet, with greater responses in dairy compared with beef cattle when compared at the same dose. This review collates the current literature on 3-nitrooxypropanol and examines the overall findings of meta-analyses and individual studies to provide a synthesis of science-based information on the use of 3-nitrooxypropanol for CH4 abatement. The intent is to help guide commercial adoption at the farm level in the future. There is a significant body of peer-reviewed scientific literature to indicate that 3-nitrooxypropanol is effective and safe when incorporated into total mixed rations, but further research is required to fully understand the long-term effects and the interactions with other CH4 mitigating compounds.

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3-NOP: Mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Meta-analysis quantifying the potential of dietary additives and rumen modifiers for methane mitigation in ruminant production systems

Meta-analysis quantifying the potential of dietary additives and rumen modifiers for methane mitigation in ruminant production systems

Review: Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation

A Review of 3-Nitrooxypropanol for Enteric Methane Mitigation from Ruminant Livestock

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