30,000 h operation of a 70 kW stationary PEM fuel cell system using hydrogen from a chlorine factory

Verhage, A.; Coolegem, Jorg; Mulder, Martijn; Yildirim, M. Hakan; Bruijn, F.A. de

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.152

Cited by 93 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…13,14 For stationary application, the impurity effect was investigated by measuring a decay rate upon natural exposure, for more than thousands hours, to the atmospheric contaminant of which concentration was sub ppb.…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Analysis for the Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants in Cathode Feed on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Yoon

Choi

Lee³

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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This paper describes how primary contaminants in ambient air affect the performance of the cathode in fuel cell electric vehicle applications. The effect of four atmospheric pollutants (SO 2 , NH 3 , NO 2 , and CO) on cathode performance was investigated by air impurity injection and recovery test under load. Electrochemical analysis via polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed for various concentrations of contaminants during the impurity test in order to determine the origins of performance decay. The variation in cell voltage derived empirically in this study and data reported in the literature were normalized and juxtaposed to elucidate the relationship between impurity concentration and performance. Mechanisms of cathode degradation by air impurities were discussed in light of the findings.

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Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Analysis for the Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants in Cathode Feed on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Yoon

Choi

Lee³

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…Final assembly testing results, integration of the plant at its demonstration site and safety analysis work will be reported. can be reached with current MEA state-of-the-art in stationary by-product hydrogen application [1]. The catalyst loading and type is significant for contaminant tolerance, as shown by Hashimasa et al [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Fuel cells offer a high efficiency option for converting the hydrogen produced back into electricity, which can be fed back to the electric grid. Fuel cell stack and system developers Nedstack and Ballard have demonstrated this with end-users in Europe and North America in last few years [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The remaining 1,500 tons is in part sold to the gas company Woikoski, but most of it is simply vented into the atmosphere [2]. Globally, the vented hydrogen corresponds to 4 TWh of electricity and if unused by-product hydrogen were used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, it would lead to considerable savings for the factory operator, as described by Verhage et al [1]. If by-product hydrogen is stored and used during times, when the price of electricity is high, further savings could be achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the work of Verhage et al [1,6,7], construction and operation of a 70 kW stationary PEM fuel cell system has been described. Their system was located in the Netherlands next to a chlorine factory operated by AkzoNobel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A 50 kW PEMFC Pilot Plant Operated with Industry Grade Hydrogen – System Design and Site Integration

et al. 2014

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The chlor‐alkali industry produces high amounts of hydrogen as a by‐product of processes based on electrolytic cells. In order to improve the process' efficiency, plant operators seek ways to utilize this potential and fuel cells offer a sensible solution, producing electricity at high efficiency. PEMFC has already been demonstrated to be successful in this niche market application with a few commercial scale installations. In the DuraDemo project, a 50 kW stationary PEMFC pilot plant has been designed in a publicly funded national project involving partners from different parts of the value chain. The plant serves as an experimental platform for evaluation of BoP and power electronics components, as well as hydrogen quality studies. The system design is targeted to be commercially viable and a large amount of extra instrumentation and experimental monitoring equipment are utilized in the pilot plant to analyze its behavior. The pilot plant is fully automated and capable of independent operation with remote monitoring and data logging capability. The system design of the pilot plant is presented, including BoP component selection and characterization of the main components. Final assembly testing results, integration of the plant at its demonstration site and safety analysis work will be reported.

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Non‐Platinum Group Metal Electrocatalysts toward Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction

Zhao

Chen

Sun

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Developing non‐platinum group metal (non‐PGM) electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) represents the efforts towards the more economical use of hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen energy, which has attracted tremendous attention recently. However, non‐PGM electrocatalysts for the HOR are still in their early development stages as compared with the significant advances in those for the oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, this paper summarizes the recent progresses and highlights the key challenges for the rational design of non‐PGM electrocatalysts, aiming to promote the development of non‐PGM HOR electrocatalysts. Fundamental understandings of the HOR mechanism are firstly reviewed, where theoretical interpretations on the low HOR kinetics in alkaline media, including the hydrogen binding energy theory, the bifunctional mechanism, and the water molecule reorganization, are particularly discussed. Subsequently, progresses of typical non‐PGM HOR electrocatalysts in acid and alkaline media are summarized separately. For the HOR under alkaline conditions, the superiorities and challenges of Ni‐based catalysts are discussed with a particular focus as they are the most promising non‐PGM electrocatalysts. Finally, this paper highlights the challenges and provide perspectives on the future development directions of non‐PGM HOR electrocatalysts.

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30,000 h operation of a 70 kW stationary PEM fuel cell system using hydrogen from a chlorine factory

Cited by 93 publications

References 8 publications

Systematic Analysis for the Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants in Cathode Feed on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Systematic Analysis for the Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants in Cathode Feed on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

A 50 kW PEMFC Pilot Plant Operated with Industry Grade Hydrogen – System Design and Site Integration

Non‐Platinum Group Metal Electrocatalysts toward Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction

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