30 Insulin Like Growth Factor-I in Sexual Precocity

Carvalho, M D S; Teixeira, Rosimere J.; Freitas, Josele R.; Guimaraes, A A; Souza, Honomar Ferreira de; Guimarães, Marília M.

doi:10.1203/00006450-199411000-00088

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“…However, C. geoffroyi, C. jacchus, and C. penicillata have high invasive potential [37,64] and have spread widely outside of their native ranges due to the legal and illegal pet trades. These species have established several allochthonous populations in the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest [8,56,33] and hybridize with other allochthonous and autochthonous congeners [7,8,56,33], including endangered C. aurita and C. flaviceps [53,35]. Yet, determining evolutionary relationships between autochthonous, allochthonous, and hybrid Callithrix populations across Brazil is complicated by the unresolved Callithrix phylogeny.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One major challenge in applying genetic and genomic methods in Callithrix studies is an overall lack of genomic resources and sample material for most Callithrix species. Studies of Callithrix species have utilized mtDNA markers that generally resulted in polytomies and/ or poorly supported branching patterns, as well as polyphyly for C. penicillata and C. kuhlii [59,60,38,57,8]. Also, the few available genetic studies of allochthonous and hybrid Callithrix within the Atlantic Forest, all conducted within Rio de Janeiro state, used portions of mtDNA or the Y-chromosome that could not fully resolve the evolutionary relationships of Callithrix lineages [e.g., 30,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of Callithrix species have utilized mtDNA markers that generally resulted in polytomies and/ or poorly supported branching patterns, as well as polyphyly for C. penicillata and C. kuhlii [59,60,38,57,8]. Also, the few available genetic studies of allochthonous and hybrid Callithrix within the Atlantic Forest, all conducted within Rio de Janeiro state, used portions of mtDNA or the Y-chromosome that could not fully resolve the evolutionary relationships of Callithrix lineages [e.g., 30,8]. Nonetheless, Malukiewicz et al [32] obtained a well-resolved phylogeny for the jacchus group using complete mitochondrial genomes, but they only sampled one individual/species with unknown provenances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitogenomic Phylogeny ofCallithrixwith Special Focus on Human Transferred Taxa

Malukiewicz

Cartwright

Curi³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Callithrix marmosets are a relatively young non-human primate radiation, whose phylogeny is not yet fulllly resolved. These primates are naturally para- and allopatric, but three species with highly invasive potential have been introduced into the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest by the pet trade. There, these species hybridize with each other and endangered, native congeners. We aimed in this study to reconstruct a robust Callithrix phylogeny and divergence time estimates, as well as identify autochthonous and allochthonous Callithrix mitogenome lineages across Brazil. We sequenced 49 mitogenomes from four species (C. aurita, C. geoffroyi, C. jacchus, C. penicillata) and anthropogenic hybrids (C. aurita x Callithrix sp., C. penicillata x C. jacchus, Callithrix sp. x Callithrix sp., C. penicillata x C. geoffroyi) via Sanger and whole genome sequencing. We combined these data with previously published Callithrix mtDNA genomes to analyze five Callithrix species in total. Results We report the complete sequence and organization of the C. aurita mtDNA genome. Phylogenetic analyses showed that C. aurita was the first to diverge within Callithrix 3.54 million years ago (MYA), while C. jacchus and C. penicillata lineages diverged most recently 0.5 MYA as sister clades. MtDNA clades of C. aurita, C. geoffroyi, and C. penicillata show intraspecific geographic structure, but C. penicillata clades appear polyphyletic. Hybrids, which were identified by phenotype, possessed mainly C. penicillata or C. jacchus mtDNA plotypes. The geographic origins of mtDNA haplotypes from hybrid and allochthonous Callithrix were broadly distributed across natural Callithrix ranges. Our phylogenetic results also evidence introgression of C. jacchus mtDNA into C. aurita. Conclusion Our robust Callithrix mitogenome phylogeny shows C. aurita lineages as basal and C. jacchus lineages among the most recent within Callithrix. We provide the first evidence that parental mtDNA lineages of anthropogenic hybrid and allochtonous marmosets are broadly distributed inside and outside of the Atlantic Forest. We also show evidence of cryptic hybridization between allochthonous Callithrix and autochthonous C. aurita. Our results encouragingly show that further development of genomic resources will allow to more clearly elucidate Callithrix evolutionary relationships and understand the dynamics.

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