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Solvated proton as the main reagent and a catalyst in the single-stage aromatic sulfonation and protodesulfonation of sulfonic acids

“…Ideas regarding the existence of Н + (Н 2 О) 6 hexahydrate in aqueous acid with a well‐defined boundary of positive charge delocalization largely coincides with the results of N. B. Librovich and G. V. Yukhnevich et al Their spectral measurements and ab initio calculations for Н 3 О + (Н 2 О) n hydrates at n = 0 to 4 have shown that Н 9 О 4 + possesses a stable structure with a linear symmetrical Н‐bond. The symmetrical hydrogen bond is several times stronger than ordinary hydrogen bonds and has a spectrum with a continuous absorption in the IR region.…”

“…The direct knowledge of the degree of solvated proton hydration influences the interpretation of the mechanisms of numerous homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes, enzymatic reactions, interphase ion‐exchange protodesorption, the formation, isomerization, hydrolysis of aromatic sulfonic acids and their functional derivatives, and the proton transfer in proton‐exchange polymer membranes and in solid electrolytes of electrochemical cells . The possibility of realization of the above processes is often determined by the solubility of the substrates, particularly of aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfonic acids, and their substituted derivatives…”

“…Since the studies by Hammet, new approaches have been developed to describe the catalytic properties of aqueous acidic solutions and to determine and calculate the рK а values of acids . These require detailed evaluation.…”

The structure and vibrational features of proton disolvates in water-ethanol solutions of HCl: the combined spectroscopic and theoretical study

“…Water and water–alcohol solutions of strong acids are highly effective homogeneous catalysts for various chemical reactions . Their activity is determined by the equilibrium ion‐molecular composition of the catalytic system .…”

“…Water and water-alcohol solutions of strong acids are highly effective homogeneous catalysts for various chemical reactions. [1][2][3] Their activity is determined by the equilibrium ion-molecular composition of the catalytic system. [4][5][6] Proton disolvates with the (quasi)symmetrical O···H + ···O unit (H 5 O 2 + , (Me(H)O···H···O(H)Me) + , (Et(H)O···H···O(H)Et) + etc., here Me═CH 3 and Et═C 2 H 5 ) are usually formed in these solutions.…”